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Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer.
[esophageal adenocarcinoma]
It
was
suggested
that
vitamin
D
levels
influence
cancer
development
.
The
vitamin
D
receptor
(
VDR
)
is
a
crucial
mediator
for
the
cellular
effects
of
vitamin
D
.
In
fact
It
has
been
hypothesized
that
polymorphisms
in
the
VDR
gene
affect
cancer
risk
and
the
relevance
of
VDR
gene
restriction
fragment
length
polymorphisms
for
various
types
of
cancer
has
been
investigated
by
a
great
number
of
studies
.
However
,
results
from
previous
studies
on
the
association
of
VDR
polymorphisms
with
different
cancer
types
are
somewhat
contradictory
,
and
the
role
of
VDR
in
the
etiology
of
cancer
is
still
equivocal
.
We
have
performed
a
systematic
review
of
the
literature
to
analyze
the
relevance
of
more
VDR
polymorphisms
(
Fok
1
,
Bsm
1
,
Taq
1
,
Apa
1
,
and
Cdx
2
)
for
individual
malignancies
,
including
cancer
of
the
skin
(
melanoma
and
nonmelanoma
skin
cancer
)
,
ovarian
cancer
,
renal
cell
carcinoma
,
bladder
cancer
,
non-
Hodgkin
lymphoma
,
leukemia
,
thyroid
carcinoma
,
esophageal
adenocarcinoma
,
hepatocellular
carcinoma
,
sarcoma
,
head
and
neck
and
oral
squamous
cell
carcinoma
.
Up
to
June
2012
,
we
identified
79
independent
studies
for
a
total
of
52427
cases
and
62225
controls
.
Significant
associations
with
VDR
polymorphisms
have
been
reported
for
prostate
(
Fok
1
,
Bsm
1
,
Taq
1
)
,
breast
(
Fok
1
,
Bsm
1
,
Apa
1
)
,
colon
-rectum
(
Fok
1
,
Bsm
1
,
Taq
1
)
and
skin
cancer
(
Fok
1
,
Bsm
1
,
Taq
1
)
.
Very
few
studies
reported
risk
estimates
for
the
other
cancer
sites
.
Conflicting
data
have
been
reported
for
most
malignancies
and
at
present
it
is
still
not
possible
to
make
any
definitive
statements
about
the
importance
of
the
VDR
genotype
for
cancer
risk
.
It
seems
probable
that
interactions
with
other
factors
such
as
calcium
and
vitamin
D
intake
,
25
(
OH
)
D
plasma
levels
and
UV
radiation
exposure
play
a
decisive
role
in
cancer
risk
.
To
conclude
,
there
is
some
indication
that
VDR
polymorphisms
may
modulate
the
risk
of
some
cancer
sites
and
in
future
studies
VDR
genetic
variation
should
be
integrated
also
with
prediagnostic
indicator
of
vitamin
D
status
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"leukemia"
symptom
canavan disease
cholangiocarcinoma
cutaneous mastocytosis
erdheim-chester disease
esophageal adenocarcinoma
esophageal carcinoma
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
hodgkin lymphoma, classical
junctional epidermolysis bullosa
kabuki syndrome
liposarcoma
monosomy 21
neuralgic amyotrophy
papillon-lefèvre syndrome
phenylketonuria
pleomorphic liposarcoma
pyomyositis
severe combined immunodeficiency
typhoid
waldenström macroglobulinemia
werner syndrome
wiskott-aldrich syndrome
x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
This symptom has already been validated