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Syndromes, disorders and maternal risk factors associated with neural tube defects (V).
[child syndrome]
Fetuses
with
neural
tube
defects
(
NTDs
)
may
suffer
from
associated
syndromes
and
disorders
.
This
article
provides
a
comprehensive
review
of
the
syndromes
and
disorders
associated
with
NTDs
,
including
Pallister-
Hall
syndrome
,
Walker-
Warburg
syndrome
and
Fukuyama
congenital
muscular
dystrophy
,
MURCS
association
,
Roberts
syndrome
,
cerebro-costo-
mandibular
syndrome
,
laterality
sequences
,
hydrolethalus
syndrome
,
Knobloch
syndrome
,
oculoauriculovertebral
spectrum
(
hemifacial
microsomia
)
,
cervico-oculo-acoustic
syndrome
,
Fanconi
anemia
,
Miller-
Dieker
lissencephaly
syndrome
,
Fraser
syndrome
,
frontonasal
dysplasia
,
Adams-
Oliver
syndrome
,
CHILD
syndrome
,
dyssegmental
dysplasia
,
and
monozygotic
twinning
.
NTDs
associated
with
these
syndromes
and
disorders
are
a
rare
but
important
cause
of
NTDs
.
The
risk
of
NTDs
in
subsequent
fetuses
and
the
preventive
effect
of
maternal
folic
acid
intake
in
NTDs
associated
with
syndromes
and
disorders
may
be
different
from
those
of
nonsyndromic
multifactorial
NTDs
.
Perinatal
diagnosis
of
NTDs
should
alert
doctors
to
the
syndromes
and
disorders
associated
with
NTDs
,
and
prompt
thorough
etiologic
investigation
and
genetic
counseling
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"mandibular syndrome"
symptom
child syndrome
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