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Vaccination in elite athletes.
[typhoid]
Public
health
vaccination
guidelines
can
not
be
easily
transferred
to
elite
athletes
.
An
enhanced
benefit
from
preventing
even
mild
diseases
is
obvious
but
stronger
interference
from
otherwise
minor
side
effects
has
to
be
considered
as
well
.
Thus
,
special
vaccination
guidelines
for
adult
elite
athletes
are
required
.
In
most
of
them
,
protection
should
be
strived
for
against
tetanus
,
diphtheria
,
pertussis
,
influenza
,
hepatitis
A
,
hepatitis
B
,
measles
,
mumps
and
varicella
.
When
living
or
traveling
to
endemic
areas
,
the
athletes
should
be
immune
against
tick-borne
encephalitis
,
yellow
fever
,
Japanese
encephalitis
,
poliomyelitis
,
typhoid
fever
,
and
meningococcal
disease
.
Vaccination
against
pneumococci
and
Haemophilus
influenzae
type
b
is
only
relevant
in
athletes
with
certain
underlying
disorders
.
Rubella
and
papillomavirus
vaccination
might
be
considered
after
an
individual
risk-benefit
analysis
.
Other
vaccinations
such
as
cholera
,
rabies
,
herpes
zoster
,
and
Bacille
Calmette-
Guérin
(
BCG
)
can
not
be
universally
recommended
for
athletes
at
present
.
Only
for
a
very
few
diseases
,
a
determination
of
antibody
titers
is
reasonable
to
avoid
unnecessary
vaccinations
or
to
control
efficacy
of
an
individual
's
vaccination
(
especially
for
measles
,
mumps
,
rubella
,
varicella
,
hepatitis
B
and
,
partly
,
hepatitis
A
)
.
Vaccinations
should
be
scheduled
in
a
way
that
possible
side
effects
are
least
likely
to
occur
in
periods
of
competition
.
Typically
,
vaccinations
are
well
tolerated
by
elite
athletes
,
and
resulting
antibody
titers
are
not
different
from
the
general
population
.
Side
effects
might
be
reduced
by
an
optimal
selection
of
vaccines
and
an
appropriate
technique
of
administration
.
Very
few
discipline-
specific
considerations
apply
to
an
athlete
's
vaccination
schedule
mainly
from
the
competition
and
training
pattern
as
well
as
from
the
typical
geographical
distribution
of
competitive
sites
.
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