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Antimicrobial resistance, virulence profiles and molecular subtypes of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A blood isolates from Kolkata, India during 2009-2013.
[typhoid]
Enteric
fever
,
caused
by
Salmonella
enterica
,
remains
an
unresolved
public
health
problem
in
India
and
antimicrobial
therapy
is
the
main
mode
of
treatment
.
The
objective
of
this
study
was
to
characterize
the
Salmonella
enterica
isolates
from
Kolkata
with
respect
to
their
antimicrobial
resistance
(
AMR
)
,
virulence
profiles
and
molecular
subtypes
.
Salmonella
enterica
blood
isolates
were
collected
from
clinically
suspected
enteric
fever
patients
attending
various
hospitals
in
Kolkata
,
India
from
January
2009
to
June
2013
and
were
tested
for
AMR
profiles
by
standard
protocols
;
for
resistance
gene
transfer
by
conjugation
;
for
resistance
and
virulence
genes
profiles
by
PCR
;
and
for
molecular
subtypes
by
Pulsed
Field
Gel
Electrophoresis
(
PFGE
)
.
A
total
of
77
Salmonella
enterica
serovar
Typhi
(
S
.
Typhi
)
and
25
Salmonella
enterica
serovar
Paratyphi
A
(
S
.
Paratyphi
A
)
from
Kolkata
were
included
in
this
study
.
Although
multidrug
resistance
(
resistance
to
chloramphenicol
,
ampicillin
,
co
-trimoxazole
)
was
decreasing
in
S
.
Typhi
(
18
.
2
%
)
and
absent
in
S
.
Paratyphi
A
,
increased
resistance
to
fluoroquinolone
,
the
current
drug
of
choice
,
caused
growing
concern
for
typhoid
treatment
.
A
single
,
non-conjugative
non-
IncHI
1
plasmid
of
180
kb
was
found
in
71
.
4
%
multidrug
resistant
(
MDR
)
S
.
Typhi
;
the
remaining
28
.
6
%
isolates
were
without
plasmid
.
Various
AMR
markers
(
blaTEM-
1
,
catA
,
sul
1
,
sul
2
,
dfrA
15
,
strA-strB
)
and
class
1
integron
with
dfrA
7
gene
were
detected
in
MDR
S
.
Typhi
by
PCR
and
sequencing
.
Most
of
the
study
isolates
were
likely
to
be
virulent
due
to
the
presence
of
virulence
markers
.
Major
diversity
was
not
noticed
among
S
.
Typhi
and
S
.
Paratyphi
A
from
Kolkata
by
PFGE
.
The
observed
association
between
AMR
profiles
and
S
.
Typhi
pulsotypes
might
be
useful
in
controlling
the
spread
of
the
organism
by
appropriate
intervention
.
The
study
reiterated
the
importance
of
continuous
monitoring
of
AMR
and
molecular
subtypes
of
Salmonella
isolates
from
endemic
regions
for
better
understanding
of
the
disease
epidemiology
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"fever"
symptom
22q11.2 deletion syndrome
acute rheumatic fever
alexander disease
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
canavan disease
carcinoma of the gallbladder
child syndrome
congenital toxoplasmosis
cushing syndrome
cystinuria
dracunculiasis
erdheim-chester disease
esophageal adenocarcinoma
esophageal carcinoma
familial mediterranean fever
focal myositis
hodgkin lymphoma, classical
lamellar ichthyosis
legionellosis
locked-in syndrome
malignant atrophic papulosis
neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy
neuralgic amyotrophy
oculocutaneous albinism
papillon-lefèvre syndrome
pyomyositis
pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
scrub typhus
severe combined immunodeficiency
sneddon syndrome
systemic capillary leak syndrome
triple a syndrome
typhoid
waldenström macroglobulinemia
wolf-hirschhorn syndrome
This symptom has already been validated