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Antimicrobial resistance, virulence profiles and molecular subtypes of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A blood isolates from Kolkata, India during 2009-2013.
[typhoid]
Enteric
fever
,
caused
by
Salmonella
enterica
,
remains
an
unresolved
public
health
problem
in
India
and
antimicrobial
therapy
is
the
main
mode
of
treatment
.
The
objective
of
this
study
was
to
characterize
the
Salmonella
enterica
isolates
from
Kolkata
with
respect
to
their
antimicrobial
resistance
(
AMR
)
,
virulence
profiles
and
molecular
subtypes
.
Salmonella
enterica
blood
isolates
were
collected
from
clinically
suspected
enteric
fever
patients
attending
various
hospitals
in
Kolkata
,
India
from
January
2009
to
June
2013
and
were
tested
for
AMR
profiles
by
standard
protocols
;
for
resistance
gene
transfer
by
conjugation
;
for
resistance
and
virulence
genes
profiles
by
PCR
;
and
for
molecular
subtypes
by
Pulsed
Field
Gel
Electrophoresis
(
PFGE
)
.
A
total
of
77
Salmonella
enterica
serovar
Typhi
(
S
.
Typhi
)
and
25
Salmonella
enterica
serovar
Paratyphi
A
(
S
.
Paratyphi
A
)
from
Kolkata
were
included
in
this
study
.
Although
multidrug
resistance
(
resistance
to
chloramphenicol
,
ampicillin
,
co
-trimoxazole
)
was
decreasing
in
S
.
Typhi
(
18
.
2
%
)
and
absent
in
S
.
Paratyphi
A
,
increased
resistance
to
fluoroquinolone
,
the
current
drug
of
choice
,
caused
growing
concern
for
typhoid
treatment
.
A
single
,
non-conjugative
non-
IncHI
1
plasmid
of
180
kb
was
found
in
71
.
4
%
multidrug
resistant
(
MDR
)
S
.
Typhi
;
the
remaining
28
.
6
%
isolates
were
without
plasmid
.
Various
AMR
markers
(
blaTEM-
1
,
catA
,
sul
1
,
sul
2
,
dfrA
15
,
strA-strB
)
and
class
1
integron
with
dfrA
7
gene
were
detected
in
MDR
S
.
Typhi
by
PCR
and
sequencing
.
Most
of
the
study
isolates
were
likely
to
be
virulent
due
to
the
presence
of
virulence
markers
.
Major
diversity
was
not
noticed
among
S
.
Typhi
and
S
.
Paratyphi
A
from
Kolkata
by
PFGE
.
The
observed
association
between
AMR
profiles
and
S
.
Typhi
pulsotypes
might
be
useful
in
controlling
the
spread
of
the
organism
by
appropriate
intervention
.
The
study
reiterated
the
importance
of
continuous
monitoring
of
AMR
and
molecular
subtypes
of
Salmonella
isolates
from
endemic
regions
for
better
understanding
of
the
disease
epidemiology
.
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