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A random Abstract
Our Project
Our Team
Determination of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella spp.
[typhoid]
Infections
with
Salmonella
are
an
important
public
health
problem
worldwide
.
Salmonella
are
one
of
the
most
common
causes
of
food-borne
illness
in
humans
.
There
are
many
types
of
Salmonella
but
they
can
be
divided
into
two
broad
categories
:
those
that
cause
typhoid
and
those
that
do
not
.
The
typhoidal
Salmonella
(
TS
)
,
such
as
S
.
enterica
subsp
.
enterica
serovars
Typhi
and
S
.
Paratyphi
only
colonize
humans
and
are
usually
acquired
by
the
consumption
of
food
or
water
contaminated
with
human
fecal
material
.
The
much
broader
group
of
non-typhoidal
Salmonella
(
NTS
)
usually
results
from
improperly
handled
food
that
has
been
contaminated
by
animal
or
human
fecal
material
.
Antimicrobials
are
critical
to
the
successful
outcome
of
invasive
Salmonella
infections
and
enteric
fever
.
Due
to
resistance
to
the
older
antimicrobials
,
ciprofloxacin
[
fluoroquinolone
(
FQ
)
]
has
become
the
first
-line
drug
for
treatment
.
Nevertheless
,
switch
to
FQ
has
led
to
a
subsequent
increase
in
the
occurrence
of
salmonellae
resistant
to
this
antimicrobial
agent
.
The
exact
mechanism
of
this
FQ
resistance
is
not
fully
understood
.
FQ
resistance
has
driven
the
use
of
third
-generation
cephalosporins
and
azithromycin
.
However
,
there
are
sporadic
worldwide
reports
of
high
level
resistance
to
expanded-spectrum
cephalosporins
(
such
as
ceftriaxone
)
in
TS
and
in
NTS
it
has
been
recognized
since
1988
and
are
increasing
in
prevalence
worldwide
.
Already
there
are
rare
reports
of
azithromycin
resistance
leading
to
treatment
failure
.
Spread
of
such
resistance
would
further
greatly
limit
the
available
therapeutic
options
,
and
leave
us
with
only
the
reserve
antimicrobials
such
as
carbapenem
and
tigecycline
as
possible
treatment
options
.
Here
,
we
describe
the
methods
involved
in
the
genotypic
characterization
of
antimicrobial
resistance
in
clinical
isolates
of
salmonellae
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"fever"
symptom
22q11.2 deletion syndrome
acute rheumatic fever
alexander disease
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
canavan disease
carcinoma of the gallbladder
child syndrome
congenital toxoplasmosis
cushing syndrome
cystinuria
dracunculiasis
erdheim-chester disease
esophageal adenocarcinoma
esophageal carcinoma
familial mediterranean fever
focal myositis
hodgkin lymphoma, classical
lamellar ichthyosis
legionellosis
locked-in syndrome
malignant atrophic papulosis
neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy
neuralgic amyotrophy
oculocutaneous albinism
papillon-lefèvre syndrome
pyomyositis
pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
scrub typhus
severe combined immunodeficiency
sneddon syndrome
systemic capillary leak syndrome
triple a syndrome
typhoid
waldenström macroglobulinemia
wolf-hirschhorn syndrome
This symptom has already been validated