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Salmonella-host interactions - modulation of the host innate immune system.
[typhoid]
Salmonella
enterica
(
S
.
enterica
)
are
Gram
-negative
bacteria
that
can
invade
a
broad
range
of
hosts
causing
both
acute
and
chronic
infections
.
This
phenotype
is
related
to
its
ability
to
replicate
and
persist
within
non-phagocytic
host
epithelial
cells
as
well
as
phagocytic
dendritic
cells
and
macrophages
of
the
innate
immune
system
.
Infection
with
S
.
enterica
manifests
itself
through
a
broad
range
of
clinical
symptoms
and
can
result
in
asymptomatic
carriage
,
gastroenteritis
,
systemic
disease
such
as
typhoid
fever
and
in
severe
cases
,
death
(
1
)
.
Exposure
to
S
.
enterica
serovars
Typhi
and
Paratyphi
exhibits
clinical
symptoms
including
diarrhea
,
fatigue
,
fever
,
and
temperature
fluctuations
.
Other
serovars
such
as
the
non-typhoidal
Salmonella
(
NTS
)
,
of
which
there
are
over
2
,
500
,
are
commonly
contracted
as
,
but
not
limited
to
,
food-borne
sources
causing
gastrointestinal
symptoms
,
which
include
diarrhea
and
vomiting
.
The
availability
of
complete
genome
sequences
for
many
S
.
enterica
serovars
has
facilitated
research
into
the
genetic
determinants
of
virulence
for
this
pathogen
.
This
work
has
led
to
the
identification
of
important
bacterial
components
,
including
flagella
,
type
III
secretion
systems
,
lipopolysaccharides
,
and
Salmonella
pathogenicity
islands
,
all
of
which
support
the
intracellular
life
cycle
of
S
.
enterica
.
Studies
focusing
on
the
host-pathogen
interaction
have
provided
insights
into
receptor
activation
of
the
innate
immune
system
.
Therefore
,
characterizing
the
host-
S
.
enterica
interaction
is
critical
to
understand
the
pathogenicity
of
the
bacteria
in
a
clinically
relevant
context
.
This
review
outlines
salmonellosis
and
the
clinical
manifestations
between
typhoidal
and
NTS
infections
as
well
as
discussing
the
host
immune
response
to
infection
and
the
models
that
are
being
used
to
elucidate
the
mechanisms
involved
in
Salmonella
pathogenicity
.
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