Renal manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome.

[sneddon syndrome]

Renal thrombotic manifestations have been reported since the earliest descriptions of the antiphospholipid (Hughes ) syndrome (APS ). The spectrum of clinical features associated with antiphospholipid nephropathy continues to widen . This review will highlight recent developments such as the prevalence of hypertension , livedo reticularis and renal artery stenosis as well as the ultrastructural changes seen in antiphospholipid nephropathy . The increasing risks of renal transplantation in antiphospholipid antibody positive patients is also discussed leading some authors to question whether these patients should undergo transplantation at all .