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Cognitive impairment of vascular origin: neuropathology of cognitive impairment of vascular origin.
[sneddon syndrome]
The
term
cognitive
impairment
of
vascular
origin
is
used
to
designate
global
cognitive
deficits
as
well
as
focal
neurological
deficits
such
as
aphasia
,
apraxia
and
agnosia
of
vascular
/
circulatory
origin
.
It
has
been
useful
for
identifying
early
clinical
and
neuroradiological
alterations
that
might
permit
therapeutic
strategies
geared
to
curbing
the
progression
of
cerebrovascular
disease
.
Multi-infarct
encephalopathy
,
infarcts
in
strategic
areas
,
lacunae
and
lacunar
status
,
Binswanger
's
encephalopathy
,
hippocampal
sclerosis
,
cortical
granular
atrophy
and
watershed
infarcts
are
common
lesions
.
Hypertension
and
vascular
diseases
such
as
arteriosclerosis
,
small
blood
vessel
disease
,
inflammatory
diseases
of
the
blood
vessels
,
Sneddon
syndrome
,
cerebral
amyloid
angiopathies
,
cerebral
autosomic
dominant
arteriopathy
with
subcortical
infarcts
and
leukoencephalopathy
(
CADASIL
)
,
and
Maeda
's
syndrome
are
causative
of
cognitive
impairment
of
vascular
origin
.
Other
less
common
causes
are
hereditary
endotheliopathy
with
retinopathy
,
neuropathy
and
strokes
(
HERNS
)
,
cerebro-retinian
vasculopathy
(
CRV
)
,
hereditary
vascular
retinopathy
(
HVR
)
(
all
three
linked
to
3
p
21
.
1
-
p
21
.
3
)
,
hereditary
infantile
hemiparesis
with
arteriolar
retinopathy
and
leukoencephalopathy
(
HIHRATL
)
(
not
linked
to
3
p
21
)
,
fibromuscular
dysplasia
,
and
moya-moya
disease
.
Lack
of
uniformity
of
clinical
manifestations
,
the
variety
of
vascular
diseases
and
circulatory
factors
,
the
diverse
,
but
often
convergent
,
neuropathological
substrates
,
and
the
common
association
with
unrelated
neurodegenerative
diseases
in
the
elderly
,
make
it
hard
to
assume
a
single
clinical
approach
in
the
diagnosis
and
treatment
of
cognitive
impairment
of
vascular
origin
.
Rather
,
environmental
and
genetic
risk
factors
,
underlying
vascular
diseases
,
associated
systemic
,
metabolic
and
neurodegenerative
diseases
and
identification
of
extent
and
distribution
of
lesions
with
morphological
and
functional
neuroimaging
methods
should
be
applied
in
every
individual
patient
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"neuropathological substrates"
symptom
sneddon syndrome
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