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Emerging vector-borne zoonoses: eco-epidemiology and public health implications in India.
[scrub typhus]
The
diseases
originating
from
animals
or
associated
with
man
and
animals
are
remerging
and
have
resulted
in
considerable
morbidity
and
mortality
.
The
present
review
highlights
the
re
-emergence
of
emerging
mainly
zoonotic
diseases
like
chikungunya
,
scrub
typhus
,
and
extension
of
spatial
distribution
of
cutaneous
leishmaniasis
from
western
Rajasthan
to
Himachal
Pradesh
,
Kerala
,
and
Haryana
states
;
West
Nile
virus
to
Assam
,
and
non-endemic
areas
of
Japanese
encephalitis
(
JE
)
like
Maharashtra
and
JE
to
Delhi
;
Crimean-
Congo
hemorrhagic
fever
making
inroads
in
Ahmedabad
;
and
reporting
fifth
parasite
of
human
malaria
with
possibility
of
zoonosis
have
been
highlighted
,
which
necessitates
further
studies
for
prevention
and
control
.
Emphasis
has
been
given
on
understanding
the
ecology
of
reservoir
hosts
of
pathogen
,
micro
niche
of
vector
species
,
climatic
,
socioeconomic
risk
factors
,
etc
.
Development
of
facilities
for
diagnosis
of
virus
from
insects
,
reservoirs
,
and
human
beings
(
like
BSL
4
,
which
has
been
established
in
NIV
,
Pune
)
,
awareness
about
symptoms
of
new
emerging
viral
and
other
zoonotic
diseases
,
differential
diagnosis
,
risk
factors
(
climatic
,
ecological
,
and
socioeconomic
)
and
mapping
of
disease-
specific
vulnerable
areas
,
and
mathematical
modeling
for
projecting
epidemiological
scenario
is
needed
for
preparedness
of
public
health
institutes
.
It
is
high
time
to
understand
the
ecological
link
of
zoonotic
or
anthroponotic
diseases
for
updated
risk
maps
and
epidemiological
knowledge
for
effective
preventive
and
control
measures
.
The
public
health
stakeholders
in
India
as
well
as
in
Southeast
Asia
should
emphasize
on
understanding
the
eco-epidemiology
of
the
discussed
zoonotic
diseases
for
taking
preventive
actions
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"fever"
symptom
22q11.2 deletion syndrome
acute rheumatic fever
alexander disease
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
canavan disease
carcinoma of the gallbladder
child syndrome
congenital toxoplasmosis
cushing syndrome
cystinuria
dracunculiasis
erdheim-chester disease
esophageal adenocarcinoma
esophageal carcinoma
familial mediterranean fever
focal myositis
hodgkin lymphoma, classical
lamellar ichthyosis
legionellosis
locked-in syndrome
malignant atrophic papulosis
neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy
neuralgic amyotrophy
oculocutaneous albinism
papillon-lefèvre syndrome
pyomyositis
pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
scrub typhus
severe combined immunodeficiency
sneddon syndrome
systemic capillary leak syndrome
triple a syndrome
typhoid
waldenström macroglobulinemia
wolf-hirschhorn syndrome
This symptom has already been validated