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Thoracic diseases associated with HIV infection in the era of antiretroviral therapy: clinical and imaging findings.
[primary effusion lymphoma]
The
human
immunodeficiency
virus
(
HIV
)
and
acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome
(
AIDS
)
pandemic
has
entered
its
4
th
decade
.
Since
the
introduction
of
combination
antiretroviral
therapy
(
ART
)
in
1996
,
the
number
of
AIDS-related
deaths
has
plateaued
worldwide
.
Today
,
owing
to
the
effectiveness
of
ART
,
the
HIV-infected
population
is
aging
and
HIV
infection
has
become
a
chronic
illness
.
Non-
AIDS
comorbidities
are
increasing
,
and
the
spectrum
of
HIV-related
thoracic
diseases
is
evolving
.
In
developed
countries
,
bacterial
pneumonia
has
become
more
common
than
Pneumocystis
pneumonia
.
Its
imaging
appearance
depends
on
the
responsible
organism
,
most
commonly
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
.
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
continues
to
be
a
major
threat
.
Its
imaging
patterns
vary
depending
on
CD
4
count
.
Primary
lung
cancer
and
Hodgkin
lymphoma
are
two
important
non-
AIDS-defining
malignancies
that
are
increasingly
encountered
at
chest
imaging
.
Human
herpesvirus
8
,
also
known
as
Kaposi
sarcoma
-associated
herpesvirus
(
KSHV
)
,
is
strongly
linked
to
HIV-related
diseases
,
including
Kaposi
sarcoma
,
multicentric
Castleman
disease
,
KSHV
inflammatory
cytokine
syndrome
,
and
primary
effusion
lymphoma
.
Immune
reconstitution
inflammatory
syndrome
is
a
direct
complication
of
ART
whose
manifestations
vary
with
the
underlying
disease
.
Given
the
high
rate
of
smoking
among
HIV-infected
patients
,
chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease
is
another
important
cause
of
morbidity
and
mortality
.
A
high
degree
of
suspicion
is
required
for
the
early
diagnosis
of
pulmonary
arterial
hypertension
and
lymphocytic
interstitial
pneumonia
,
given
their
nonspecific
manifestations
.
Finally
,
multilocular
thymic
cyst
manifests
as
a
cystic
anterior
mediastinal
mass
.
Recognition
of
the
clinical
and
radiologic
manifestations
of
these
less
traditional
HIV-related
diseases
can
expedite
diagnosis
and
treatment
in
the
ART
era
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"hypertension"
symptom
achondroplasia
acute rheumatic fever
adrenal incidentaloma
aniridia
aromatase deficiency
cadasil
child syndrome
cohen syndrome
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
cushing syndrome
cystinuria
erdheim-chester disease
erythropoietic protoporphyria
esophageal adenocarcinoma
fabry disease
familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
gm1 gangliosidosis
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis
holt-oram syndrome
homocystinuria without methylmalonic aciduria
hydrocephalus with stenosis of the aqueduct of sylvius
inclusion body myositis
kallmann syndrome
kindler syndrome
lamellar ichthyosis
lymphangioleiomyomatosis
pendred syndrome
primary effusion lymphoma
scrub typhus
severe combined immunodeficiency
sneddon syndrome
typhoid
von hippel-lindau disease
well-differentiated liposarcoma
werner syndrome
x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
zellweger syndrome
This symptom has already been validated