Thoracic diseases associated with HIV infection in the era of antiretroviral therapy: clinical and imaging findings.

[primary effusion lymphoma]

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV ) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS ) pandemic has entered its 4 th decade . Since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART ) in 1996 , the number of AIDS-related deaths has plateaued worldwide . Today , owing to the effectiveness of ART , the HIV-infected population is aging and HIV infection has become a chronic illness . Non-AIDS comorbidities are increasing , and the spectrum of HIV-related thoracic diseases is evolving . In developed countries , bacterial pneumonia has become more common than Pneumocystis pneumonia . Its imaging appearance depends on the responsible organism , most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae . Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to be a major threat . Its imaging patterns vary depending on CD 4 count . Primary lung cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma are two important non-AIDS-defining malignancies that are increasingly encountered at chest imaging . Human herpesvirus 8 , also known as Kaposi sarcoma -associated herpesvirus (KSHV ), is strongly linked to HIV-related diseases , including Kaposi sarcoma , multicentric Castleman disease , KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome , and primary effusion lymphoma . Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is a direct complication of ART whose manifestations vary with the underlying disease . Given the high rate of smoking among HIV-infected patients , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is another important cause of morbidity and mortality . A high degree of suspicion is required for the early diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia , given their nonspecific manifestations . Finally , multilocular thymic cyst manifests as a cystic anterior mediastinal mass . Recognition of the clinical and radiologic manifestations of these less traditional HIV-related diseases can expedite diagnosis and treatment in the ART era .

Diseases
Validation

Diseases presenting "early diagnosis" symptom

achondroplasia

acute rheumatic fever

adrenal incidentaloma

adrenomyeloneuropathy

alexander disease

allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

aromatase deficiency

carcinoma of the gallbladder

cholangiocarcinoma

classical phenylketonuria

coats disease

cohen syndrome

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

congenital toxoplasmosis

cowden syndrome

cushing syndrome

cutaneous mastocytosis

cystinuria

dentin dysplasia

dentinogenesis imperfecta

dracunculiasis

erdheim-chester disease

erythropoietic protoporphyria

esophageal carcinoma

esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

fabry disease

familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

familial mediterranean fever

gm1 gangliosidosis

hirschsprung disease

holt-oram syndrome

homocystinuria without methylmalonic aciduria

hydrocephalus with stenosis of the aqueduct of sylvius

inclusion body myositis

kabuki syndrome

kallmann syndrome

kindler syndrome

krabbe disease

locked-in syndrome

monosomy 21

neuralgic amyotrophy

oculocutaneous albinism

oligodontia

omenn syndrome

oral submucous fibrosis

papillon-lefèvre syndrome

phenylketonuria

primary effusion lymphoma

primary hyperoxaluria type 1

proteus syndrome

pyomyositis

pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

scrub typhus

severe combined immunodeficiency

sneddon syndrome

systemic capillary leak syndrome

thoracic outlet syndrome

triple a syndrome

typhoid

von hippel-lindau disease

wiskott-aldrich syndrome

wolf-hirschhorn syndrome

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