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Comparison of tactile, auditory, and visual modality for brain-computer interface use: a case study with a patient in the locked-in state.
[locked-in syndrome]
This
paper
describes
a
case
study
with
a
patient
in
the
classic
locked-
in
state
,
who
currently
has
no
means
of
independent
communication
.
Following
a
user-centered
approach
,
we
investigated
event-related
potentials
(
ERP
)
elicited
in
different
modalities
for
use
in
brain
-computer
interface
(
BCI
)
systems
.
Such
systems
could
provide
her
with
an
alternative
communication
channel
.
To
investigate
the
most
viable
modality
for
achieving
BCI
based
communication
,
classic
oddball
paradigms
(
1
rare
and
1
frequent
stimulus
,
ratio
1
:
5
)
in
the
visual
,
auditory
and
tactile
modality
were
conducted
(
2
runs
per
modality
)
.
Classifiers
were
built
on
one
run
and
tested
offline
on
another
run
(
and
vice
versa
)
.
In
these
paradigms
,
the
tactile
modality
was
clearly
superior
to
other
modalities
,
displaying
high
offline
accuracy
even
when
classification
was
performed
on
single
trials
only
.
Consequently
,
we
tested
the
tactile
paradigm
online
and
the
patient
successfully
selected
targets
without
any
error
.
Furthermore
,
we
investigated
use
of
the
visual
or
tactile
modality
for
different
BCI
systems
with
more
than
two
selection
options
.
In
the
visual
modality
,
several
BCI
paradigms
were
tested
offline
.
Neither
matrix-based
nor
so
-called
gaze-independent
paradigms
constituted
a
means
of
control
.
These
results
may
thus
question
the
gaze-independence
of
current
gaze-independent
approaches
to
BCI
.
A
tactile
four
-choice
BCI
resulted
in
high
offline
classification
accuracies
.
Yet
,
online
use
raised
various
issues
.
Although
performance
was
clearly
above
chance
,
practical
daily
life
use
appeared
unlikely
when
compared
to
other
communication
approaches
(
e
.
g
.
,
partner
scanning
)
.
Our
results
emphasize
the
need
for
user-centered
design
in
BCI
development
including
identification
of
the
best
stimulus
modality
for
a
particular
user
.
Finally
,
the
paper
discusses
feasibility
of
EEG-based
BCI
systems
for
patients
in
classic
locked-
in
state
and
compares
BCI
to
other
AT
solutions
that
we
also
tested
during
the
study
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"current gaze-independent approaches"
symptom
locked-in syndrome
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