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Longitudinal muscle gene expression patterns associated with differential intramuscular fat in cattle.
[liposarcoma]
Intramuscular
fat
(
IMF
)
can
improve
meat
product
quality
through
its
impact
on
flavour
and
juiciness
.
High
marbling
cuts
can
command
premium
prices
in
some
countries
and
grading
systems
,
but
there
is
substantial
cost
involved
in
choosing
to
grain
feed
animals
in
an
effort
to
deposit
more
IMF
.
There
would
be
value
in
developing
methods
to
predict
predisposition
to
'
marble
'
well
.
Unfortunately
,
the
biological
mechanisms
underpinning
marbling
remain
a
mystery
:
the
key
adipocyte
cell
populations
have
not
been
defined
,
there
are
no
reliable
DNA
markers
,
no
known
(
if
any
)
causal
mutations
and
gene
expression
analyses
in
the
main
have
tended
to
characterise
increases
in
expression
of
end-point
fat
metabolism
proteins
such
as
the
fatty
acid-binding
proteins
.
To
shed
light
on
expression-based
markers
of
marbling
potential
,
we
contrasted
LD
gene
expression
in
high
IMF
Wagyu
cross
animals
with
a
low
IMF
Piedmontese
cross
at
various
time
points
.
The
expected
divergence
in
the
fat
metabolism
genes
FABP
4
,
THRSP
,
CIDEC
and
ACACA
between
the
breeds
occurs
surprisingly
late
in
postnatal
development
at
about
20
months
.
On
the
other
hand
,
divergent
expression
of
WISP
2
,
RAI
14
and
CYP
4
F
2
was
discovered
in
animals
at
or
before
12
months
of
age
,
suggesting
these
genes
may
have
potential
as
earlier
predictors
of
marbling
potential
.
In
line
with
other
researchers
,
we
found
intriguing
links
between
IMF
development
and
connective
tissue
remodelling
.
WISP
2
-
a
novel
adipokine
highly
expressed
and
secreted
by
adipose
precursor
cells
and
an
inhibitor
of
the
pro-fibrotic
connective
tissue
growth
factor
-
emerges
as
a
particularly
attractive
candidate
.
It
is
relatively
upregulated
in
high
marbling
Wagyu
before
admission
to
feedlotting
,
somewhere
between
7
and
12
months
.
This
difference
is
subsequently
maintained
until
25
months
,
but
not
thereafter
.
RAI
14
,
thought
to
play
a
role
in
porcine
adipocyte
differentiation
and
with
links
to
retinoic
acid
metabolism
,
has
an
unusual
expression
profile
.
Its
expression
level
increases
monotonically
with
postnatal
development
,
and
is
always
higher
in
Wagyu
than
Piedmontese
.
Strong
,
sustained
upregulation
of
the
anti-
inflammatory
CYP
4
F
2
in
Piedmontese
is
consistent
with
Wagyu
adiposity
being
a
pro-
inflammatory
state
.
Application
of
regulatory
impact
factor
analysis
,
a
network
method
for
identifying
causal
effector
molecules
,
suggests
marbling
roles
for
transcription
factors
previously
implicated
in
(
1
)
the
formation
of
liposarcoma
(
unconstrained
fatty
masses
)
(
YEATS
4
,
MDM
2
)
,
(
2
)
adipogenesis
(
CREBL
2
,
SP
1
,
STAT
1
)
and
(
3
)
inflammation
(
ISGF
3
G
,
HOXB
13
,
PML
)
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"and is always higher in wagyu than piedmontese"
symptom
liposarcoma
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