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GnRH neuronal migration and olfactory bulb neurite outgrowth are dependent on FGF receptor 1 signaling, specifically via the PI3K p110α isoform in chick embryo.
[kallmann syndrome]
Fibroblast
growth
factor
(
FGF
)
signaling
is
essential
for
both
olfactory
bulb
(
OB
)
morphogenesis
and
the
specification
,
migration
,
and
maturation
of
the
GnRH-secreting
neurons
.
Disruption
of
FGF
signaling
contributes
to
Kallmann
syndrome
characterized
by
both
anosmia
and
sexual
immaturity
.
However
,
several
unanswered
questions
remain
as
to
which
specific
FGF
receptor
(
FGFR
)
-
1
signaling
pathways
are
necessary
for
OB
and
GnRH
neuronal
development
.
Here
,
using
pharmacological
phosphatidylinositol
3
-
kinase
(
PI
3
K
)
isoform-
specific
inhibitors
,
we
demonstrate
a
central
role
for
the
PI
3
K
p
110
α
isoform
as
a
downstream
effector
of
FGFR
1
signaling
for
both
GnRH
neuronal
migration
and
OB
development
.
We
show
that
signaling
via
the
PI
3
K
p
110
α
isoform
is
required
for
GnRH
neuronal
migration
in
explant
cultures
of
embryonic
day
(
E
)
4
chick
olfactory
placodes
.
We
also
show
that
in
ovo
administration
of
LY
294002
,
a
global
PI
3
K
inhibitor
as
well
as
an
inhibitor
to
the
PI
3
K
p
110
α
isoform
into
the
olfactory
placode
of
E
3
chick
embryo
impairs
GnRH
neuronal
migration
toward
the
forebrain
.
In
contrast
,
in
ovo
PI
3
K
inhibitor
treatment
produced
no
obvious
defects
on
primary
olfactory
sensory
neuron
axonal
targeting
and
bundle
formation
.
We
also
demonstrate
that
anosmin-
1
and
FGF
2
induced
neuronal
migration
of
immortalized
human
embryonic
GnRH
neuroblast
cells
(
FNC-B
4
-
hTERT
)
is
mediated
by
modulating
FGFR
1
signaling
via
the
PI
3
K
p
110
α
isoform
,
specifically
through
phosphorylation
of
the
PI
3
K
downstream
effectors
,
Akt
and
glycogen
synthase
kinase-
3
β
.
Finally
,
we
show
that
neurite
outgrowth
and
elongation
of
OB
neurons
in
E
10
chick
OB
explants
are
also
dependent
on
the
PI
3
K
p
110
α
isoform
downstream
of
FGFR
1
.
This
study
provides
mechanistic
insight
into
the
etiology
of
Kallmann
syndrome
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"growth factor"
symptom
22q11.2 deletion syndrome
achondroplasia
adrenal incidentaloma
aniridia
cadasil
cholangiocarcinoma
coats disease
dedifferentiated liposarcoma
dentin dysplasia
dentinogenesis imperfecta
dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
esophageal carcinoma
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
hodgkin lymphoma, classical
holt-oram syndrome
inclusion body myositis
kallmann syndrome
krabbe disease
liposarcoma
lymphangioleiomyomatosis
oculocutaneous albinism
oral submucous fibrosis
pleomorphic liposarcoma
primary effusion lymphoma
primary hyperoxaluria type 1
severe combined immunodeficiency
systemic capillary leak syndrome
von hippel-lindau disease
wolf-hirschhorn syndrome
x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
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