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Olfactory system and demyelination.
[kallmann syndrome]
Within
the
central
nervous
system
,
the
olfactory
system
represents
one
of
the
most
exciting
scenarios
since
it
presents
relevant
examples
of
long
-life
sustained
neurogenesis
and
continuous
axonal
outgrowth
from
the
olfactory
epithelium
with
the
subsequent
plasticity
phenomena
in
the
olfactory
bulb
.
The
olfactory
nerve
is
composed
of
nonmyelinated
axons
with
interesting
ontogenetic
interpretations
.
However
,
the
centripetal
projections
from
the
olfactory
bulb
are
myelinated
axons
which
project
to
more
caudal
areas
along
the
lateral
olfactory
tract
.
In
consequence
,
demyelination
has
not
been
considered
as
a
possible
cause
of
the
olfactory
symptoms
in
those
diseases
in
which
this
sense
is
impaired
.
One
prototypical
example
of
an
olfactory
disease
is
Kallmann
syndrome
,
in
which
different
mutations
give
rise
to
combined
anosmia
and
hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism
,
together
with
different
satellite
symptoms
.
Anosmin-
1
is
the
extracellular
matrix
glycoprotein
altered
in
the
X-
linked
form
of
this
disease
,
which
participates
in
cell
adhesion
and
migration
,
and
axonal
outgrowth
in
the
olfactory
system
and
in
other
regions
of
the
central
nervous
system
.
Recently
,
we
have
described
a
new
patho-physiological
role
of
this
protein
in
the
absence
of
spontaneous
remyelination
in
multiple
sclerosis
.
In
the
present
review
,
we
hypothesize
about
how
both
main
and
satellite
neurological
symptoms
of
Kallmann
syndrome
may
be
explained
by
alterations
in
the
myelination
.
We
revisit
the
relationship
between
the
olfactory
system
and
myelin
highlighting
that
minor
histological
changes
should
not
be
forgotten
as
putative
causes
of
olfactory
malfunction
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"central nervous system"
symptom
22q11.2 deletion syndrome
adrenomyeloneuropathy
alexander disease
aniridia
aromatase deficiency
canavan disease
child syndrome
classical phenylketonuria
congenital toxoplasmosis
cowden syndrome
cushing syndrome
cystinuria
dracunculiasis
erdheim-chester disease
fabry disease
gm1 gangliosidosis
hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis
hirschsprung disease
hodgkin lymphoma, classical
kabuki syndrome
kallmann syndrome
kindler syndrome
krabbe disease
lamellar ichthyosis
legionellosis
liposarcoma
malignant atrophic papulosis
monosomy 21
neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy
phenylketonuria
proteus syndrome
scrub typhus
severe combined immunodeficiency
sneddon syndrome
triple a syndrome
von hippel-lindau disease
waldenström macroglobulinemia
well-differentiated liposarcoma
wiskott-aldrich syndrome
wolf-hirschhorn syndrome
x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
zellweger syndrome
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