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GnRH, anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism - where are we?
[kallmann syndrome]
Gonadotropin
releasing
hormone
(
GnRH
)
neurons
originate
the
nasal
placode
and
migrate
into
the
brain
during
prenatal
development
.
Once
within
the
brain
,
these
cells
become
integral
components
of
the
hypothalamic
-
pituitary
-
gonadal
axis
,
essential
for
reproductive
function
.
Disruption
of
this
system
causes
hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism
(
HH
)
.
HH
associated
with
anosmia
is
clinically
defined
as
Kallman
syndrome
(
KS
)
.
Recent
work
examining
the
developing
nasal
region
has
shed
new
light
on
cellular
composition
,
cell
interactions
and
molecular
cues
responsible
for
the
development
of
this
system
in
different
species
.
This
review
discusses
some
developmental
aspects
,
animal
models
and
current
advancements
in
our
understanding
of
pathologies
affecting
GnRH
.
In
addition
we
discuss
how
development
of
neural
crest
derivatives
such
as
the
glia
of
the
olfactory
system
and
craniofacial
structures
control
GnRH
development
and
reproductive
function
.
