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The neural crest: a versatile organ system.
[hirschsprung disease]
The
neural
crest
is
the
name
given
to
the
strip
of
cells
at
the
junction
between
neural
and
epidermal
ectoderm
in
neurula-
stage
vertebrate
embryos
,
which
is
later
brought
to
the
dorsal
neural
tube
as
the
neural
folds
elevate
.
The
neural
crest
is
a
heterogeneous
and
multipotent
progenitor
cell
population
whose
cells
undergo
EMT
then
extensively
and
accurately
migrate
throughout
the
embryo
.
Neural
crest
cells
contribute
to
nearly
every
organ
system
in
the
body
,
with
derivatives
of
neuronal
,
glial
,
neuroendocrine
,
pigment
,
and
also
mesodermal
lineages
.
This
breadth
of
developmental
capacity
has
led
to
the
neural
crest
being
termed
the
fourth
germ
layer
.
The
neural
crest
has
occupied
a
prominent
place
in
developmental
biology
,
due
to
its
exaggerated
migratory
morphogenesis
and
its
remarkably
wide
developmental
potential
.
As
such
,
neural
crest
cells
have
become
an
attractive
model
for
developmental
biologists
for
studying
these
processes
.
Problems
in
neural
crest
development
cause
a
number
of
human
syndromes
and
birth
defects
known
collectively
as
neurocristopathies
;
these
include
Treacher
Collins
syndrome
,
Hirschsprung
disease
,
and
22
q
11
.
2
deletion
syndromes
.
Tumors
in
the
neural
crest
lineage
are
also
of
clinical
importance
,
including
the
aggressive
melanoma
and
neuroblastoma
types
.
These
clinical
aspects
have
drawn
attention
to
the
selection
or
creation
of
neural
crest
progenitor
cells
,
particularly
of
human
origin
,
for
studying
pathologies
of
the
neural
crest
at
the
cellular
level
,
and
also
for
possible
cell
therapeutics
.
The
versatility
of
the
neural
crest
lends
itself
to
interlinked
research
,
spanning
basic
developmental
biology
,
birth
defect
research
,
oncology
,
and
stem
/
progenitor
cell
biology
and
therapy
.
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hirschsprung disease
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