Distress in individuals facing predictive DNA testing for autosomal dominant late-onset disorders: comparing questionnaire results with in-depth interviews. Rotterdam/Leiden Genetics Workgroup.

[hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis]

In 50 % risk carriers for Huntington disease (n = 41 ), hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Dutch -type (n = 9 ) familial adenomatous polyposis coli (n = 45 ) and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (n = 24 ), pretest intrusion and avoidance (Impact of Event Scale ), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ), feelings of hopelessness (Beck Hopelessness Scale ), and psychological complaints (Symptom Checklist ) were assessed to determine their psychological well-being . The manner of discussing the genetic disorder , the test , and its implications during a semistructured interview (reflecting on one 's emotions without getting carried away or dismissing or minimizing the subject ) was judged in terms of coherence . Participants at risk for neurodegenerative disorders had higher anxiety and depression scores and more psychological complaints than did those at risk for cancer syndromes . Those reporting high intrusion /high avoidance had higher anxiety and depression scores and more psychological complaints than did those reporting low intrusion /low avoidance . However , the scoring of the interview showed that participants reporting high intrusion /high avoidance were more reflective about their emotions without getting carried away or dismissing the subject (e .g ., more coherent ) than those reporting low intrusion /low avoidance . This result suggests that participants with higher stress scores may be actively dealing with the emotional implications of the test , whereas those with low stress scores may (as yet ) be unable to face these implications . It is important to identify the strategy of coping with threat to provide suitable counseling and necessary guidance . However , long -term follow-up is needed to learn the consequences of a denial coping strategy for those participating in a genetic testing program .

Diseases
Validation

Diseases presenting "cancer" symptom

achondroplasia

acute rheumatic fever

adrenal incidentaloma

alpha-thalassemia

benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis

cadasil

canavan disease

carcinoma of the gallbladder

cholangiocarcinoma

coats disease

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

cowden syndrome

cushing syndrome

cutaneous mastocytosis

dedifferentiated liposarcoma

dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

epidermolysis bullosa simplex

erdheim-chester disease

erythropoietic protoporphyria

esophageal adenocarcinoma

esophageal carcinoma

esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

familial mediterranean fever

gm1 gangliosidosis

heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis

hirschsprung disease

hodgkin lymphoma, classical

inclusion body myositis

junctional epidermolysis bullosa

kabuki syndrome

kallmann syndrome

kindler syndrome

lamellar ichthyosis

liposarcoma

locked-in syndrome

lymphangioleiomyomatosis

monosomy 21

neuralgic amyotrophy

oculocutaneous albinism

oligodontia

oral submucous fibrosis

papillon-lefèvre syndrome

pendred syndrome

pleomorphic liposarcoma

primary effusion lymphoma

proteus syndrome

pyomyositis

pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

severe combined immunodeficiency

sneddon syndrome

systemic capillary leak syndrome

triple a syndrome

von hippel-lindau disease

waldenström macroglobulinemia

well-differentiated liposarcoma

werner syndrome

wiskott-aldrich syndrome

wolf-hirschhorn syndrome

x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

This symptom has already been validated