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Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
[esophageal adenocarcinoma]
Gastroesophageal
reflux
disease
(
GERD
)
is
a
common
disease
with
a
prevalence
as
high
as
10
%
-
20
%
in
the
western
world
.
The
disease
can
manifest
in
various
symptoms
which
can
be
grouped
into
typical
,
atypical
and
extra
-
esophageal
symptoms
.
Those
with
the
highest
specificity
for
GERD
are
acid
regurgitation
and
heartburn
.
In
the
absence
of
alarm
symptoms
,
these
symptoms
can
allow
one
to
make
a
presumptive
diagnosis
and
initiate
empiric
therapy
.
In
certain
situations
,
further
diagnostic
testing
is
needed
to
confirm
the
diagnosis
as
well
as
to
assess
for
complications
or
alternate
causes
for
the
symptoms
.
GERD
complications
include
erosive
esophagitis
,
peptic
stricture
,
Barrett
's
esophagus
,
esophageal
adenocarcinoma
and
pulmonary
disease
.
Management
of
GERD
may
involve
lifestyle
modification
,
medical
therapy
and
surgical
therapy
.
Lifestyle
modifications
including
weight
loss
and
/
or
head
of
bed
elevation
have
been
shown
to
improve
esophageal
pH
and
/
or
GERD
symptoms
.
Medical
therapy
involves
acid
suppression
which
can
be
achieved
with
antacids
,
histamine-receptor
antagonists
or
proton-pump
inhibitors
.
Whereas
most
patients
can
be
effectively
managed
with
medical
therapy
,
others
may
go
on
to
require
anti-reflux
surgery
after
undergoing
a
proper
pre-operative
evaluation
.
The
purpose
of
this
review
is
to
discuss
the
current
approach
to
the
diagnosis
and
treatment
of
gastroesophageal
reflux
disease
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"gastroesophageal reflux disease"
symptom
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
cutaneous mastocytosis
esophageal adenocarcinoma
esophageal carcinoma
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
This symptom has already been validated