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Electrospray ionization on porous spraying tips for direct sample analysis by mass spectrometry: enhanced detection sensitivity and selectivity using hydrophobic/hydrophilic materials as spraying tips.
[erythropoietic protoporphyria]
Despite
various
porous
materials
having
been
widely
adopted
as
spraying
tips
for
direct
sample
analysis
using
electrospray
ionization
mass
spectrometry
(
ESI
-
MS
)
,
the
effect
of
surface
property
and
porosity
of
spraying
tip
materials
on
their
analytical
performances
is
not
clear
.
Investigation
of
their
relationships
could
provide
insight
into
the
proper
choice
and
/
or
design
of
spraying
tip
materials
for
direct
sample
analysis
.
The
effect
of
spraying
tip
materials
with
different
polarities
,
including
polyester
and
polyethylene
(
hydrophobic
)
and
wood
(
hydrophilic
)
,
on
the
detection
sensitivity
for
a
variety
of
compounds
,
and
on
the
ESI
onset
voltage
,
were
studied
using
ESI
-
MS
.
The
porosity
of
each
type
of
spraying
tip
was
characterized
by
scanning
electron
microscopy
(
SEM
)
.
Factors
governing
the
detection
sensitivity
were
determined
based
on
the
correlation
of
the
detection
sensitivity
to
the
ESI
onset
voltage
,
the
polarity
,
and
the
porosity
of
the
spraying
tip
materials
.
Hydrophobic
tips
(
i
.
e
.
,
polyester
and
polyethylene
)
show
better
detection
sensitivity
for
polar
compounds
but
not
for
non-polar
compounds
,
while
hydrophilic
tips
(
wooden
tips
)
show
the
opposite
effect
.
This
phenomenon
could
be
due
to
the
difference
in
interaction
between
the
analytes
and
the
tips
,
causing
the
analytes
to
adsorb
on
the
tip
to
different
extents
.
In
addition
,
the
micro-porous
nature
of
the
tips
could
facilitate
solvent
diffusion
for
transporting
analytes
to
the
tip
and
maintain
a
stable
spray
for
recording
MS
data
.
With
the
proper
choice
of
spraying
tip
materials
,
trace
amount
of
analytes
at
the
picomole
level
can
be
detected
with
minimal
sample
pretreatment
.
B
oth
the
polarity
and
the
porosity
of
the
spraying
tip
materials
could
significantly
affect
detection
sensitivity
for
a
wide
variety
of
analytes
.
With
proper
choice
of
spraying
tip
material
,
ESI
on
a
porous
spraying
tip
could
be
a
sensitive
method
for
the
direct
analysis
of
daily
life
samples
.
Diseases
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Diseases presenting
"the difference in interaction between the analytes"
symptom
erythropoietic protoporphyria
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