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Metabolic factors associated with urinary calculi in children.
[cystinuria]
We
aimed
to
identify
metabolic
and
anatomical
abnormalities
present
in
children
with
urinary
calculi
.
Metabolic
evaluation
was
done
in
142
pediatric
calculus
formers
.
Evaluation
included
serum
biochemistry
;
measurement
of
daily
excretion
of
urinary
calcium
,
uric
acid
,
oxalate
,
citrate
,
and
magnesium
(
in
older
children
)
;
and
measurement
of
calcium
,
uric
acid
,
oxalate
,
and
creatinine
in
random
urine
samples
in
nontoilet-trained
patients
.
Urinary
tests
for
cystinuria
were
also
performed
.
All
of
the
patients
underwent
renal
ultrasonography
.
Sixty
-
one
patients
(
42
.
7
%
)
had
metabolic
abnormalities
.
Anatomical
abnormalities
were
found
in
12
patients
(
8
.
4
%
)
.
Three
children
(
2
.
1
%
)
had
infectious
calculi
,
and
3
(
2
.
1
%
)
had
a
combination
of
metabolic
and
anatomic
abnormalities
.
In
66
children
(
46
.
2
%
)
we
did
not
find
any
reasons
for
calculus
formation
(
idiopathic
)
.
Urinalysis
revealed
hypercalciuria
in
25
(
17
.
6
%
)
,
hyperuricosuria
in
23
(
16
.
1
%
)
,
hyperoxaluria
in
17
(
11
.
9
%
)
,
cystinuria
in
9
(
6
.
3
%
)
,
hypocitraturia
in
3
(
2
.
1
%
)
,
and
low
urinary
magnesium
level
in
1
(
0
.
7
%
)
patients
.
Sixteen
patients
(
11
.
2
%
)
had
mixed
metabolic
abnormalities
.
Metabolic
abnormalities
are
common
in
pediatric
patients
with
urinary
calculi
.
In
our
study
,
calcium
and
uric
acid
abnormalities
were
the
most
common
,
and
vesicoureteral
reflux
seemed
to
be
the
most
common
urological
abnormality
which
led
to
urinary
stasis
and
calculus
formation
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"common urological abnormality"
symptom
cystinuria
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