Chronic kidney disease in kidney stone formers.

[cystinuria]

Recent population studies have found symptomatic kidney stone formers to be at increased risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD ). Although kidney stones are not commonly identified as the primary cause of ESRD , they still may be important contributing factors . Paradoxically , CKD can be protective against forming kidney stones because of the substantial reduction in urine calcium excretion . Among stone formers , those with rare hereditary diseases (cystinuria , primary hyperoxaluria , Dent disease , and 2 ,8 dihydroxyadenine stones ), recurrent urinary tract infections , struvite stones , hypertension , and diabetes seem to be at highest risk for CKD . The primary mechanism for CKD from kidney stones is usually attributed to an obstructive uropathy or pyelonephritis , but crystal plugs at the ducts of Bellini and parenchymal injury from shockwave lithotripsy may also contribute . The historical shift to less invasive surgical management of kidney stones has likely had a beneficial impact on the risk for CKD . Among potential kidney donors , past symptomatic kidney stones but not radiographic stones found on computed tomography scans were associated with albuminuria . Kidney stones detected by ultrasound screening have also been associated with CKD in the general population . Further studies that better classify CKD , better characterize stone formers , more thoroughly address potential confounding by comorbidities , and have active instead of passive follow-up to avoid detection bias are needed .

Diseases
Validation

Diseases presenting "hypertension" symptom

achondroplasia

acute rheumatic fever

adrenal incidentaloma

aniridia

aromatase deficiency

cadasil

child syndrome

cohen syndrome

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

cushing syndrome

cystinuria

erdheim-chester disease

erythropoietic protoporphyria

esophageal adenocarcinoma

fabry disease

familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

gm1 gangliosidosis

heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis

holt-oram syndrome

homocystinuria without methylmalonic aciduria

hydrocephalus with stenosis of the aqueduct of sylvius

inclusion body myositis

kallmann syndrome

kindler syndrome

lamellar ichthyosis

lymphangioleiomyomatosis

pendred syndrome

primary effusion lymphoma

scrub typhus

severe combined immunodeficiency

sneddon syndrome

typhoid

von hippel-lindau disease

well-differentiated liposarcoma

werner syndrome

x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

zellweger syndrome

This symptom has already been validated