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Galleria mellonella larvae as an infection model for group A streptococcus.
[acute rheumatic fever]
Group
A
streptococcus
is
a
strict
human
pathogen
that
can
cause
a
wide
range
of
diseases
,
such
as
tonsillitis
,
impetigo
,
necrotizing
fasciitis
,
toxic
shock
,
and
acute
rheumatic
fever
.
Modeling
human
diseases
in
animals
is
complicated
,
and
rapid
,
simple
,
and
cost-effective
in
vivo
models
of
GAS
infection
are
clearly
lacking
.
Recently
,
the
use
of
non-mammalian
models
to
model
human
disease
is
starting
to
re
-attract
attention
.
Galleria
mellonella
larvae
,
also
known
as
wax
worms
,
have
been
investigated
for
modeling
a
number
of
bacterial
pathogens
,
and
have
been
shown
to
be
a
useful
model
to
study
pathogenesis
of
the
M
3
serotype
of
GAS
.
In
this
study
we
provide
further
evidence
of
the
validity
of
the
wax
worm
model
by
testing
different
GAS
M-
types
,
as
well
as
investigating
the
effect
of
bacterial
growth
phase
and
incubation
temperature
on
GAS
virulence
in
this
model
.
In
contrast
to
previous
studies
,
we
show
that
the
M-
protein
,
among
others
,
is
an
important
virulence
factor
that
can
be
effectively
modeled
in
the
wax
worm
.
We
also
highlight
the
need
for
a
more
in
-depth
investigation
of
the
effects
of
experimental
design
and
wax
worm
supply
before
we
can
properly
vindicate
the
wax
worm
model
for
studying
GAS
pathogenesis
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"wide range"
symptom
22q11.2 deletion syndrome
acute rheumatic fever
adrenomyeloneuropathy
alexander disease
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
alpha-thalassemia
aromatase deficiency
benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis
cadasil
carcinoma of the gallbladder
congenital toxoplasmosis
cowden syndrome
cystinuria
dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
epidermolysis bullosa simplex
erdheim-chester disease
fabry disease
gm1 gangliosidosis
harlequin ichthyosis
homocystinuria without methylmalonic aciduria
hydrocephalus with stenosis of the aqueduct of sylvius
legionellosis
neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy
oral submucous fibrosis
pendred syndrome
phenylketonuria
pleomorphic liposarcoma
primary effusion lymphoma
primary hyperoxaluria type 1
proteus syndrome
pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
scrub typhus
systemic capillary leak syndrome
thoracic outlet syndrome
triple a syndrome
trochlear dysplasia
well-differentiated liposarcoma
werner syndrome
x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
zellweger syndrome
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