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Epidemiological evaluation of cystine urolithiasis in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo): 70 cases (1992-2009).
[cystinuria]
To
determine
the
prevalence
of
cystine
uroliths
in
domestic
ferrets
with
urolithiasis
and
determine
whether
age
,
breed
,
sex
,
reproductive
status
,
anatomic
location
,
and
season
are
risk
factors
associated
with
cystine
urolith
formation
.
Retrospective
cross-sectional
case-control
study
.
Records
of
435
ferrets
(
Mustela
putorius
furo
)
with
uroliths
submitted
for
analyses
between
1992
and
2009
,
of
which
70
were
cystine
uroliths
.
Specific
descriptive
information
was
obtained
about
each
ferret
to
determine
whether
specific
risk
factors
were
associated
with
the
development
of
cystine
uroliths
.
Cystine
uroliths
comprised
70
of
the
435
(
16
%
)
uroliths
.
Cystine
uroliths
were
more
common
in
male
(
n
=
54
)
than
in
female
(
16
)
ferrets
.
All
cystine
uroliths
were
retrieved
from
the
lower
portion
of
the
urinary
tract
(
bladder
and
urethra
[
n
=
67
]
)
or
were
voided
(
3
)
;
none
of
the
uroliths
were
retrieved
from
the
upper
portion
of
the
urinary
tract
(
kidney
and
ureters
)
.
Awareness
of
the
prevalence
of
cystine
uroliths
along
with
knowledge
of
etiologic
,
demographic
,
and
environmental
risk
and
protective
factors
for
urolithiasis
may
facilitate
development
of
surveillance
strategies
that
result
in
earlier
detection
of
cystinuria
.
Genetic
factors
associated
with
this
disease
have
not
yet
been
reported
in
ferrets
,
but
a
familial
pattern
of
inheritance
determined
to
be
a
major
underlying
factor
in
cystine
urolithiasis
in
dogs
and
humans
suggests
that
this
may
be
a
factor
in
ferrets
and
that
the
parent
stock
of
ferrets
in
the
present
study
may
have
been
inbred
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"this disease"
symptom
achondroplasia
cadasil
cystinuria
erythropoietic protoporphyria
familial mediterranean fever
proteus syndrome
scrub typhus
systemic capillary leak syndrome
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