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Pediatric urolithiasis in a non-endemic country: a single center experience from The Netherlands.
[cystinuria]
To
provide
insight
in
causative
factors
of
pediatric
urolithiasis
in
The
Netherlands
,
a
non-endemic
country
.
D
ata
from
71
children
with
urolithiasis
and
stone
analyses
between
1996
and
2010
in
the
Radboud
University
Nijmegen
Medical
Centre
were
studied
retrospectively
.
Patients
(
48
boys
,
23
girls
,
ratio
2
.
1
:
1
)
were
aged
0
.
5
-
18
.
3
years
(
mean
8
.
8
,
SD
5
.
6
)
.
All
stone
analyses
were
performed
with
FTIR
spectroscopy
.
Of
the
49
patients
with
metabolic
analysis
,
78
%
showed
one
(
n
=
15
)
or
more
(
n
=
23
)
metabolic
abnormalities
.
Forty
-
seven
percent
had
hypercalciuria
(
n
=
23
)
,
31
%
had
hyperoxaluria
(
n
=
15
)
,
29
%
hypocitraturia
(
n
=
14
)
,
10
%
hyperuricosuria
(
n
=
5
)
,
10
%
cystinuria
(
n
=
5
)
,
and
6
%
had
hypomagnesiuria
(
n
=
3
)
.
Sixty
-
one
percent
of
the
stones
were
composed
of
calcium
phosphate
,
calcium
oxalate
,
or
a
combination
of
those
.
Twenty
-
six
percent
consisted
of
pure
or
mixed
magnesium
ammonium
phosphate
,
8
.
3
%
pure
or
mixed
urate
,
and
8
.
3
%
cystine
.
Children
with
urolithiasis
in
The
Netherlands
show
stone
composition
similar
to
other
Western
European
countries
.
However
,
a
high
percentage
of
metabolic
abnormalities
(
78
%
)
was
found
,
indicating
the
need
for
extensive
evaluation
of
pediatric
urolithiasis
to
find
underlying
causes
and
thereby
prevent
stone
recurrences
.
A
close
collaboration
between
a
pediatric
nephrologist
and
urologist
is
mandatory
for
optimal
surgical
and
medical
treatment
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"8"
symptom
acute rheumatic fever
cystinuria
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
hirschsprung disease
megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome
scrub typhus
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