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Leukocyte telomere length and the father's age enigma: implications for population health and for life course.
[achondroplasia]
What
are
the
implications
for
population
health
of
the
demographic
trend
toward
increasing
paternal
age
at
conception
(
PAC
)
in
modern
societies
?
We
propose
that
the
effects
of
older
PAC
are
likely
to
be
broad
and
harmful
in
some
domains
of
health
but
beneficial
in
others
.
Harmful
effects
of
older
PAC
have
received
the
most
attention
.
Thus
,
for
example
,
older
PAC
is
associated
with
an
increased
risk
of
offspring
having
rare
conditions
such
as
achondroplasia
and
Marfan
syndrome
,
as
well
as
with
neurodevelopmental
disorders
such
as
autism
.
However
,
newly
emerging
evidence
in
the
telomere
field
suggests
potentially
beneficial
effects
,
since
older
PAC
is
associated
with
a
longer
leukocyte
telomere
length
(
LTL
)
in
offspring
,
and
a
longer
LTL
is
associated
with
a
reduced
risk
of
atherosclerosis
and
with
increased
survival
in
the
elderly
.
Thus
,
older
PAC
may
cumulatively
increase
resistance
to
atherosclerosis
and
lengthen
lifespan
in
successive
generations
of
modern
humans
.
In
this
paper
we
:
(
i
)
introduce
these
novel
findings
;
(
ii
)
discuss
potential
explanations
for
the
effect
of
older
PAC
on
offspring
LTL
;
(
iii
)
draw
implications
for
population
health
and
for
life
course
;
(
iv
)
put
forth
an
evolutionary
perspective
as
a
context
for
the
multigenerational
effects
of
PAC
;
and
(
v
)
call
for
broad
and
intensive
research
to
understand
the
mechanisms
underlying
the
effects
of
PAC
.
We
draw
together
work
across
a
range
of
disciplines
to
offer
an
integrated
perspective
of
this
issue
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"a reduced risk of atherosclerosis"
symptom
achondroplasia
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