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Embryonic left-right separation mechanism allows confinement of mutation-induced phenotypes to one lateral body half of bilaterians.
[child syndrome]
A
fundamental
question
in
developmental
biology
is
how
a
chimeric
animal
such
as
a
bilateral
gynandromorphic
animal
can
have
different
phenotypes
confined
to
different
lateral
body
halves
,
and
how
mutation
-induced
phenotypes
,
such
as
genetic
diseases
,
can
be
confined
to
one
lateral
body
half
in
patients
.
Here
,
I
propose
that
embryos
of
many
,
if
not
all
,
bilaterian
animals
are
divided
into
left
and
right
halves
at
a
very
early
stage
(
which
may
vary
among
different
types
of
animals
)
,
after
which
the
descendants
of
the
left-sided
and
right
-sided
cells
will
almost
exclusively
remain
on
their
original
sides
,
respectively
,
throughout
the
remaining
development
.
This
embryonic
left-
right
separation
mechanism
allows
(
1
)
mutations
and
the
mutation
-induced
phenotypes
to
be
strictly
confined
to
one
lateral
body
half
in
animals
and
humans
;
(
2
)
mothers
with
bilateral
hereditary
primary
breast
cancer
to
transmit
their
disease
to
their
offspring
at
twofold
of
the
rate
compared
to
mothers
with
unilateral
hereditary
breast
cancer
;
and
(
3
)
a
mosaic
embryo
carrying
genetic
or
epigenetic
mutations
to
develop
into
either
an
individual
with
the
mutation
-induced
phenotype
confined
unilaterally
,
or
a
pair
of
twins
displaying
complete
,
partial
,
or
mirror
-image
discordance
for
the
phenotype
.
Further
,
this
left-
right
separation
mechanism
predicts
that
the
two
lateral
halves
of
a
patient
carrying
a
unilateral
genetic
disease
can
each
serve
as
a
case
and
an
internal
control
,
respectively
,
for
genetic
and
epigenetic
comparative
studies
to
identify
the
disease
causations
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"lateral body half in animals"
symptom
child syndrome
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