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Lifestyle, reproductive factors and risk of gallbladder cancer.
[carcinoma of the gallbladder]
Lifestyle
and
dietary
habits
play
an
important
role
in
carcinogenesis
.
Carcinoma
of
the
gallbladder
is
no
different
.
The
present
study
was
carried
out
to
evaluate
the
roles
of
lifestyle
,
menstrual
and
reproductive
factors
in
gallbladder
cancer
.
A
prospective
case-control
study
involving
78
newly-diagnosed
cases
of
carcinoma
of
the
gallbladder
and
78
age-
and
gender-matched
controls
with
cholelithiasis
were
investigated
for
their
lifestyle
history
,
with
an
emphasis
on
habits
with
chewing
betel
nut
and
tobacco
,
alcohol
consumption
and
smoking
.
Besides
this
,
female
patients
were
investigated
for
their
menstrual
and
reproductive
factors
.
Odds-ratio
and
significance
were
calculated
.
A
Hindu
preponderance
was
seen
.
About
half
of
the
patients
with
carcinoma
of
the
gallbladder
and
gallstone
were
either
illiterate
or
had
a
very
low
level
of
education
(
primary
or
below
)
.
Religion
,
education
,
family
income
,
chewing
of
tobacco
as
well
as
smoking
were
comparable
.
But
numbers
of
chewing
tobacco
and
smoking
per
day
differed
significantly
.
Alcohol
was
consumed
by
11
.
6
percent
of
carcinoma
and
4
.
1
percent
of
gallstone
patients
.
Lower
age
of
menarche
,
higher
number
of
pregnancies
and
higher
age
at
menopause
had
a
significantly
increased
risk
of
gallbladder
carcinogenesis
.
A
significant
difference
in
carcinogenesis
was
seen
in
the
postmenopausal
women
compared
with
the
menopausal
group
.
Carcinoma
of
the
gallbladder
was
common
in
tobacco
chewers
.
Females
with
lower
age
at
menarche
,
higher
number
of
pregnancies
and
childbirths
and
higher
age
at
last
childbirth
had
an
increased
risk
of
gallbladder
cancer
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"cancer"
symptom
achondroplasia
acute rheumatic fever
adrenal incidentaloma
alpha-thalassemia
benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis
cadasil
canavan disease
carcinoma of the gallbladder
cholangiocarcinoma
coats disease
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
cowden syndrome
cushing syndrome
cutaneous mastocytosis
dedifferentiated liposarcoma
dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
epidermolysis bullosa simplex
erdheim-chester disease
erythropoietic protoporphyria
esophageal adenocarcinoma
esophageal carcinoma
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
familial mediterranean fever
gm1 gangliosidosis
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis
hirschsprung disease
hodgkin lymphoma, classical
inclusion body myositis
junctional epidermolysis bullosa
kabuki syndrome
kallmann syndrome
kindler syndrome
lamellar ichthyosis
liposarcoma
locked-in syndrome
lymphangioleiomyomatosis
monosomy 21
neuralgic amyotrophy
oculocutaneous albinism
oligodontia
oral submucous fibrosis
papillon-lefèvre syndrome
pendred syndrome
pleomorphic liposarcoma
primary effusion lymphoma
proteus syndrome
pyomyositis
pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
severe combined immunodeficiency
sneddon syndrome
systemic capillary leak syndrome
triple a syndrome
von hippel-lindau disease
waldenström macroglobulinemia
well-differentiated liposarcoma
werner syndrome
wiskott-aldrich syndrome
wolf-hirschhorn syndrome
x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
This symptom has already been validated