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Lifestyle, reproductive factors and risk of gallbladder cancer.
[carcinoma of the gallbladder]
Lifestyle
and
dietary
habits
play
an
important
role
in
carcinogenesis
.
Carcinoma
of
the
gallbladder
is
no
different
.
The
present
study
was
carried
out
to
evaluate
the
roles
of
lifestyle
,
menstrual
and
reproductive
factors
in
gallbladder
cancer
.
A
prospective
case-control
study
involving
78
newly-diagnosed
cases
of
carcinoma
of
the
gallbladder
and
78
age-
and
gender-matched
controls
with
cholelithiasis
were
investigated
for
their
lifestyle
history
,
with
an
emphasis
on
habits
with
chewing
betel
nut
and
tobacco
,
alcohol
consumption
and
smoking
.
Besides
this
,
female
patients
were
investigated
for
their
menstrual
and
reproductive
factors
.
Odds-ratio
and
significance
were
calculated
.
A
Hindu
preponderance
was
seen
.
About
half
of
the
patients
with
carcinoma
of
the
gallbladder
and
gallstone
were
either
illiterate
or
had
a
very
low
level
of
education
(
primary
or
below
)
.
Religion
,
education
,
family
income
,
chewing
of
tobacco
as
well
as
smoking
were
comparable
.
But
numbers
of
chewing
tobacco
and
smoking
per
day
differed
significantly
.
Alcohol
was
consumed
by
11
.
6
percent
of
carcinoma
and
4
.
1
percent
of
gallstone
patients
.
Lower
age
of
menarche
,
higher
number
of
pregnancies
and
higher
age
at
menopause
had
a
significantly
increased
risk
of
gallbladder
carcinogenesis
.
A
significant
difference
in
carcinogenesis
was
seen
in
the
postmenopausal
women
compared
with
the
menopausal
group
.
Carcinoma
of
the
gallbladder
was
common
in
tobacco
chewers
.
Females
with
lower
age
at
menarche
,
higher
number
of
pregnancies
and
childbirths
and
higher
age
at
last
childbirth
had
an
increased
risk
of
gallbladder
cancer
.