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Apoptosis and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases.
[cadasil]
Neurodegenerative
disorders
affect
almost
30
million
individuals
leading
to
disability
and
death
.
These
disorders
are
characterized
by
pathological
changes
in
disease-
specific
areas
of
the
brain
and
degeneration
of
distinct
neuron
subsets
.
Despite
the
differences
in
clinical
manifestations
and
neuronal
vulnerability
,
the
pathological
processes
appear
similar
,
suggesting
common
neurodegenerative
pathways
.
Apoptosis
seems
to
play
a
key
role
in
the
progression
of
several
neurologic
disorders
like
Alzheimer
's
disease
,
Parkinson
's
disease
,
Huntington
's
disease
,
and
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis
as
demonstrated
by
studies
on
animal
models
and
cell
lines
.
On
the
other
hand
,
research
on
human
brains
reported
contradictory
results
.
However
,
many
dying
neurons
have
been
detected
in
brains
of
patients
with
neurodegenerative
diseases
,
and
these
conditions
are
often
associated
with
significant
cell
loss
accompanied
by
typical
morphological
features
of
apoptosis
such
as
chromatin
condensation
,
DNA
fragmentation
,
and
activation
of
cysteine-proteases
,
caspases
.
Cell
death
and
neurodegenerative
conditions
have
been
linked
to
oxidative
stress
and
imbalance
between
generation
of
free
radicals
and
antioxidant
defenses
.
Multiple
sclerosis
,
stroke
,
and
neurodegenerative
diseases
have
been
associated
with
reactive
oxygen
species
and
nitric
oxide
.
Here
we
present
an
overview
of
the
involvement
of
neuronal
apoptosis
and
oxidative
stress
in
the
most
important
neurodegenerative
diseases
,
mainly
focusing
the
attention
on
several
genetic
disorders
,
discussing
the
interaction
between
primary
genetic
abnormalities
and
the
apoptotic
pathways
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"specific areas of the brain"
symptom
cadasil
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