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Lentiviral vectors for cancer immunotherapy and clinical applications.
[x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy]
The
success
of
immunotherapy
against
infectious
diseases
has
shown
us
the
powerful
potential
that
such
a
treatment
offers
,
and
substantial
work
has
been
done
to
apply
this
strategy
in
the
fight
against
cancer
.
Cancer
is
however
a
fiercer
opponent
than
pathogen-caused
diseases
due
to
natural
tolerance
towards
tumour
associated
antigens
and
tumour-induced
immunosuppression
.
Recent
gene
therapy
clinical
trials
with
viral
vectors
have
shown
clinical
efficacy
in
the
correction
of
genetic
diseases
,
HIV
and
cancer
.
The
first
successful
gene
therapy
clinical
trials
were
carried
out
with
onco
(
γ-
)
retroviral
vectors
but
oncogenesis
by
insertional
mutagenesis
appeared
as
a
serious
complication
.
Lentiviral
vectors
have
emerged
as
a
potentially
safer
strategy
,
and
recently
the
first
clinical
trial
of
patients
with
advanced
leukemia
using
lentiviral
vectors
has
proven
successful
.
Additionally
,
therapeutic
lentivectors
have
shown
clinical
efficacy
for
the
treatment
of
HIV
,
X-
linked
adrenoleukodystrophy
,
and
β-thalassaemia
.
This
review
aims
at
describing
lentivectors
and
how
they
can
be
utilized
to
boost
anti-tumour
immune
responses
by
manipulating
the
effector
immune
cells
.
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"first successful gene therapy"
symptom
x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
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