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Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ.
[typhoid]
Human
infections
by
the
bacterial
pathogen
Salmonella
enterica
represent
major
disease
burdens
worldwide
.
This
highly
ubiquitous
species
consists
of
more
than
2600
different
serovars
that
can
be
divided
into
typhoidal
and
non-typhoidal
Salmonella
(
NTS
)
serovars
.
Despite
their
genetic
similarity
,
these
two
groups
elicit
very
different
diseases
and
distinct
immune
responses
in
humans
.
Comparative
analyses
of
the
genomes
of
multiple
Salmonella
serovars
have
begun
to
explain
the
basis
of
the
variation
in
disease
manifestations
.
Recent
advances
in
modeling
both
enteric
fever
and
intestinal
gastroenteritis
in
mice
will
facilitate
investigation
into
both
the
bacterial-
and
host-mediated
mechanisms
involved
in
salmonelloses
.
Understanding
the
genetic
and
molecular
mechanisms
responsible
for
differences
in
disease
outcome
will
augment
our
understanding
of
Salmonella
pathogenesis
,
host
immunity
,
and
the
molecular
basis
of
host
specificity
.
This
review
outlines
the
differences
in
epidemiology
,
clinical
manifestations
,
and
the
human
immune
response
to
typhoidal
and
NTS
infections
and
summarizes
the
current
thinking
on
why
these
differences
might
exist
.