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Typhoid Fever surveillance and vaccine use - South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions, 2009-2013.
[typhoid]
Typhoid
fever
is
a
serious
,
systemic
infection
resulting
in
nearly
22
million
cases
and
216
,
500
deaths
annually
,
primarily
in
Asia
.
Safe
water
,
adequate
sanitation
,
appropriate
personal
and
food
hygiene
,
and
vaccination
are
the
most
effective
strategies
for
prevention
and
control
.
In
2008
,
the
World
Health
Organization
(
WHO
)
recommended
use
of
available
typhoid
vaccines
to
control
endemic
disease
and
outbreaks
and
strengthening
of
typhoid
surveillance
to
improve
disease
estimates
and
identify
high
-risk
populations
(
e
.
g
.
,
persons
without
access
to
potable
water
and
adequate
sanitation
)
.
This
report
summarizes
the
status
of
typhoid
surveillance
and
vaccination
programs
in
the
WHO
South
-
East
Asia
(
SEAR
)
and
Western
Pacific
regions
(
WPR
)
during
2009
-
2013
,
after
the
revised
WHO
recommendations
.
Data
were
obtained
from
the
WHO
/
United
Nations
Children
's
Fund
(
UNICEF
)
Joint
Reporting
Form
on
Immunization
,
a
supplemental
survey
of
surveillance
and
immunization
program
managers
,
and
published
literature
.
During
2009
-
2013
,
23
(
48
%
)
of
48
countries
and
areas
of
SEAR
(
11
)
and
WPR
(
37
)
collected
surveillance
or
notifiable
disease
data
on
typhoid
cases
,
with
most
surveillance
activities
established
before
2008
.
Nine
(
19
%
)
countries
reported
implementation
of
typhoid
vaccination
programs
or
recommended
vaccine
use
during
2009
-
2013
.
Despite
the
high
incidence
,
typhoid
surveillance
is
weak
in
these
two
regions
,
and
vaccination
efforts
have
been
limited
.
Further
progress
toward
typhoid
fever
prevention
and
control
in
SEAR
and
WPR
will
require
country
commitment
and
international
support
for
enhanced
surveillance
,
targeted
use
of
existing
vaccines
and
availability
of
newer
vaccines
integrated
within
routine
immunization
programs
,
and
integration
of
vaccination
with
safe
water
,
sanitation
,
and
hygiene
measures
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"fever"
symptom
22q11.2 deletion syndrome
acute rheumatic fever
alexander disease
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
canavan disease
carcinoma of the gallbladder
child syndrome
congenital toxoplasmosis
cushing syndrome
cystinuria
dracunculiasis
erdheim-chester disease
esophageal adenocarcinoma
esophageal carcinoma
familial mediterranean fever
focal myositis
hodgkin lymphoma, classical
lamellar ichthyosis
legionellosis
locked-in syndrome
malignant atrophic papulosis
neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy
neuralgic amyotrophy
oculocutaneous albinism
papillon-lefèvre syndrome
pyomyositis
pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
scrub typhus
severe combined immunodeficiency
sneddon syndrome
systemic capillary leak syndrome
triple a syndrome
typhoid
waldenström macroglobulinemia
wolf-hirschhorn syndrome
This symptom has already been validated