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Typhoid Fever surveillance and vaccine use - South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions, 2009-2013.
[typhoid]
Typhoid
fever
is
a
serious
,
systemic
infection
resulting
in
nearly
22
million
cases
and
216
,
500
deaths
annually
,
primarily
in
Asia
.
Safe
water
,
adequate
sanitation
,
appropriate
personal
and
food
hygiene
,
and
vaccination
are
the
most
effective
strategies
for
prevention
and
control
.
In
2008
,
the
World
Health
Organization
(
WHO
)
recommended
use
of
available
typhoid
vaccines
to
control
endemic
disease
and
outbreaks
and
strengthening
of
typhoid
surveillance
to
improve
disease
estimates
and
identify
high
-risk
populations
(
e
.
g
.
,
persons
without
access
to
potable
water
and
adequate
sanitation
)
.
This
report
summarizes
the
status
of
typhoid
surveillance
and
vaccination
programs
in
the
WHO
South
-
East
Asia
(
SEAR
)
and
Western
Pacific
regions
(
WPR
)
during
2009
-
2013
,
after
the
revised
WHO
recommendations
.
Data
were
obtained
from
the
WHO
/
United
Nations
Children
's
Fund
(
UNICEF
)
Joint
Reporting
Form
on
Immunization
,
a
supplemental
survey
of
surveillance
and
immunization
program
managers
,
and
published
literature
.
During
2009
-
2013
,
23
(
48
%
)
of
48
countries
and
areas
of
SEAR
(
11
)
and
WPR
(
37
)
collected
surveillance
or
notifiable
disease
data
on
typhoid
cases
,
with
most
surveillance
activities
established
before
2008
.
Nine
(
19
%
)
countries
reported
implementation
of
typhoid
vaccination
programs
or
recommended
vaccine
use
during
2009
-
2013
.
Despite
the
high
incidence
,
typhoid
surveillance
is
weak
in
these
two
regions
,
and
vaccination
efforts
have
been
limited
.
Further
progress
toward
typhoid
fever
prevention
and
control
in
SEAR
and
WPR
will
require
country
commitment
and
international
support
for
enhanced
surveillance
,
targeted
use
of
existing
vaccines
and
availability
of
newer
vaccines
integrated
within
routine
immunization
programs
,
and
integration
of
vaccination
with
safe
water
,
sanitation
,
and
hygiene
measures
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"typhoid surveillance is weak in these two regions"
symptom
typhoid
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