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Dancers' and musicians' injuries.
[thoracic outlet syndrome]
This
overview
is
based
on
the
over
30
years
of
performing
arts
medicine
experience
of
the
author
,
an
orthopaedic
surgeon
who
devoted
his
professional
life
entirely
to
the
prevention
,
diagnostics
,
and
treatment
of
dancers
'
and
musicians
'
injuries
.
After
a
short
introduction
on
the
specific
demands
of
professional
dance
and
music
making
,
it
describes
some
general
principles
of
orthopaedic
dance
medicine
and
causes
of
injuries
in
dancers
.
The
relation
of
dance
injuries
with
compensatory
mechanisms
for
insufficient
external
rotation
in
the
hips
is
explained
,
as
well
as
hypermobility
and
the
importance
of
'
core-stability
'
.
As
a
general
principle
of
treatment
,
the
physician
must
respect
the
'
passion
'
of
the
dancer
and
never
give
an
injured
dancer
the
advice
to
stop
dancing
.
Mental
practice
helps
to
maintain
dance
technical
capabilities
.
The
specific
orthopaedic
dance-medicine
section
deals
with
some
common
injuries
of
the
back
and
lower
extremities
in
dancers
.
An
important
group
of
common
dance
injuries
form
the
causes
of
limited
and
painful
'
relevé
'
in
dancers
,
like
'
dancer
's
heel
'
(
posterior
ankle
impingement
syndrome
)
,
'
dancer
's
tendinitis
'
(
tenovaginitis
of
the
m
.
flexor
hallucis
longus
)
and
hallux
rigidus
.
The
second
half
of
the
overview
deals
with
the
general
principles
of
orthopaedic
musicians
'
medicine
and
causes
of
injuries
in
musicians
,
like
a
sudden
change
in
the
'
musical
load
'
or
a
faulty
playing
posture
.
Hypermobility
in
musicians
is
both
an
asset
and
a
risk
factor
.
As
a
general
principle
of
treatment
,
early
specialized
medical
assessment
is
essential
to
rule
out
specific
injuries
.
Making
the
diagnosis
in
musicians
is
greatly
facilitated
by
examining
the
patient
during
playing
the
musical
instrument
.
The
playing
posture
,
stabilisation
of
the
trunk
and
shoulder
girdle
and
practising
habits
should
always
be
checked
.
Musicians
in
general
are
intelligent
and
the
time
spent
on
extensive
explanation
and
advice
is
well
spent
.
In
overuse
injuries
,
relative
rest
supported
by
'
mental
practice
'
is
effective
.
The
specific
orthopaedic
musicians
'
medicine
section
deals
with
some
common
injuries
of
the
neck
and
upper
extremities
,
like
(
posture
related
)
cervicobrachialgia
,
and
thoracic
outlet
syndrome
.
An
important
group
of
causes
of
musicians
'
injuries
form
the
entrapment
neuropathies
(
especially
ulnaropathy
)
,
osteoarthritis
of
the
hands
and
hypermobility
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"posterior ankle impingement syndrome"
symptom
thoracic outlet syndrome
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