Cognitive impairment of vascular origin: neuropathology of cognitive impairment of vascular origin.

[sneddon syndrome]

The term cognitive impairment of vascular origin is used to designate global cognitive deficits as well as focal neurological deficits such as aphasia , apraxia and agnosia of vascular /circulatory origin . It has been useful for identifying early clinical and neuroradiological alterations that might permit therapeutic strategies geared to curbing the progression of cerebrovascular disease . Multi-infarct encephalopathy , infarcts in strategic areas , lacunae and lacunar status , Binswanger 's encephalopathy , hippocampal sclerosis , cortical granular atrophy and watershed infarcts are common lesions . Hypertension and vascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis , small blood vessel disease , inflammatory diseases of the blood vessels , Sneddon syndrome , cerebral amyloid angiopathies , cerebral autosomic dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL ), and Maeda 's syndrome are causative of cognitive impairment of vascular origin . Other less common causes are hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy , neuropathy and strokes (HERNS ), cerebro-retinian vasculopathy (CRV ), hereditary vascular retinopathy (HVR ) (all three linked to 3 p 21 .1 -p 21 .3 ), hereditary infantile hemiparesis with arteriolar retinopathy and leukoencephalopathy (HIHRATL ) (not linked to 3 p 21 ), fibromuscular dysplasia , and moya-moya disease . Lack of uniformity of clinical manifestations , the variety of vascular diseases and circulatory factors , the diverse , but often convergent , neuropathological substrates , and the common association with unrelated neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly , make it hard to assume a single clinical approach in the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin . Rather , environmental and genetic risk factors , underlying vascular diseases , associated systemic , metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases and identification of extent and distribution of lesions with morphological and functional neuroimaging methods should be applied in every individual patient .

Diseases
Validation

Diseases presenting "hypertension" symptom

achondroplasia

acute rheumatic fever

adrenal incidentaloma

aniridia

aromatase deficiency

cadasil

child syndrome

cohen syndrome

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

cushing syndrome

cystinuria

erdheim-chester disease

erythropoietic protoporphyria

esophageal adenocarcinoma

fabry disease

familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

gm1 gangliosidosis

heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis

holt-oram syndrome

homocystinuria without methylmalonic aciduria

hydrocephalus with stenosis of the aqueduct of sylvius

inclusion body myositis

kallmann syndrome

kindler syndrome

lamellar ichthyosis

lymphangioleiomyomatosis

pendred syndrome

primary effusion lymphoma

scrub typhus

severe combined immunodeficiency

sneddon syndrome

typhoid

von hippel-lindau disease

well-differentiated liposarcoma

werner syndrome

x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

zellweger syndrome

This symptom has already been validated