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Depression, anxiety, and stress in young adults with phenylketonuria: associations with biochemistry.
[phenylketonuria]
Increasing
concurrent
phenylalanine
to
"
off-diet
"
levels
in
adults
with
phenylketonuria
(
PKU
)
has
been
shown
to
lead
to
mood
disturbances
.
However
,
the
impact
of
controlled
phenylalanine
exposure
across
the
developmental
life
span
and
mood
stability
remains
questionable
.
The
aim
of
this
study
was
to
investigate
correlations
between
lifetime
and
concurrent
phenylalanine
(
Phe
)
and
tyrosine
(
Tyr
)
with
levels
of
depression
,
anxiety
,
and
stress
in
young
adults
maintaining
a
continuously
treated
diet
for
PKU
.
Eight
young
adults
(
6
females
,
2
males
)
aged
15
to
25
years
(
mean
=
19
.
37
,
SD
=
3
.
62
)
recruited
through
the
Royal
Children
's
Hospital
Brisbane
,
with
early
and
continuously
treated
PKU
completed
the
Depression
Anxiety
Stress
Scale
,
which
was
correlated
with
lifetime
and
concurrent
measures
of
Phe
,
Tyr
,
and
Phe-
Tyr
ratios
.
There
was
a
strong
significant
correlation
between
lifetime
Phe
and
levels
of
anxiety
and
stress
(
p
<
.
01
)
.
Greater
Phe-
to
-
Tyr
blood
ratios
were
indicative
of
increased
depression
and
anxiety
levels
(
p
<
.
01
)
.
An
interaction
between
biochemical
regulation
and
depression
,
anxiety
,
and
stress
levels
was
present
in
young
adults
with
continuously
treated
PKU
who
were
actively
attempting
to
maintain
dietary
control
.
Strong
associations
were
present
with
lifetime
levels
,
suggesting
a
developmental
impact
of
PKU
-related
biochemical
exposure
and
the
emergence
of
mood
disturbances
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"depression"
symptom
22q11.2 deletion syndrome
achondroplasia
adrenal incidentaloma
adrenomyeloneuropathy
alexander disease
aromatase deficiency
cadasil
child syndrome
classical phenylketonuria
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
congenital toxoplasmosis
cushing syndrome
cutaneous mastocytosis
dracunculiasis
fabry disease
familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
gm1 gangliosidosis
hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis
krabbe disease
locked-in syndrome
malignant atrophic papulosis
oligodontia
oral submucous fibrosis
phenylketonuria
sneddon syndrome
triple a syndrome
trochlear dysplasia
von hippel-lindau disease
This symptom has already been validated