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Estimation and Comparison of Copper Content in Raw Areca Nuts and Commercial Areca Nut Products: Implications in Increasing Prevalence of Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF).
[oral submucous fibrosis]
Oral
Squamous
cell
carcinoma
(
OSCC
)
is
often
preceded
by
potentially
malignant
disorders
(
PMDs
)
like
oral
submucous
fibrosis
(
OSMF
)
.
The
rate
of
transformation
of
OSMF
to
OSCC
ranges
from
3
to
19
%
.
OSMF
is
etiologically
related
to
chewing
of
areca
nut
(
betel
nut
)
,
a
habit
prevalent
among
the
population
groups
in
south
-
east
Asia
.
Along
with
alkaloids
,
the
high
copper
content
in
areca
nut
plays
an
important
role
in
the
pathogenesis
of
OSMF
.
The
increased
prevalence
of
OSMF
in
the
last
two
decades
or
so
corresponds
with
the
increased
processing
and
commercialization
of
areca
nut
products
.
The
aim
of
the
study
was
to
estimate
and
compare
the
copper
content
of
raw
areca
nuts
in
three
different
stages
of
maturity
,
and
commercial
areca
nut
products
.
Raw
areca
nut
samples
of
three
different
maturities
were
obtained
from
four
plantations
in
Sullia
,
Karnataka
,
India
and
commercial
areca
nut
products
were
obtained
from
local
shops
in
Chidambaram
,
Tamil
Nadu
,
India
.
The
samples
were
grounded
and
subjected
to
Atomic
Absorption
Spectrometry
(
AAS
)
for
copper
analysis
.
There
was
statistically
significant
difference
in
copper
content
in
raw
areca
nuts
of
all
three
maturities
(
p
<
0
.
05
)
and
was
highest
in
the
exfoliated
mature
nuts
.
Importantly
copper
level
was
significantly
higher
in
the
commercial
products
compared
to
raw
areca
nuts
of
different
degrees
of
maturity
(
p
<
0
.
05
)
.
The
copper
levels
in
commercial
products
are
significantly
higher
than
that
of
raw
areca
nuts
in
all
three
stages
of
maturity
.
The
increase
in
copper
content
on
processing
and
post
commercialization
can
be
related
to
the
increasing
prevalence
of
OSMF
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"squamous cell carcinoma"
symptom
carcinoma of the gallbladder
child syndrome
dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
epidermolysis bullosa simplex
esophageal adenocarcinoma
esophageal carcinoma
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
junctional epidermolysis bullosa
kallmann syndrome
kindler syndrome
liposarcoma
monosomy 21
oculocutaneous albinism
oral submucous fibrosis
papillon-lefèvre syndrome
This symptom has already been validated
