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Estimation and Comparison of Copper Content in Raw Areca Nuts and Commercial Areca Nut Products: Implications in Increasing Prevalence of Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF).
[oral submucous fibrosis]
Oral
Squamous
cell
carcinoma
(
OSCC
)
is
often
preceded
by
potentially
malignant
disorders
(
PMDs
)
like
oral
submucous
fibrosis
(
OSMF
)
.
The
rate
of
transformation
of
OSMF
to
OSCC
ranges
from
3
to
19
%
.
OSMF
is
etiologically
related
to
chewing
of
areca
nut
(
betel
nut
)
,
a
habit
prevalent
among
the
population
groups
in
south
-
east
Asia
.
Along
with
alkaloids
,
the
high
copper
content
in
areca
nut
plays
an
important
role
in
the
pathogenesis
of
OSMF
.
The
increased
prevalence
of
OSMF
in
the
last
two
decades
or
so
corresponds
with
the
increased
processing
and
commercialization
of
areca
nut
products
.
The
aim
of
the
study
was
to
estimate
and
compare
the
copper
content
of
raw
areca
nuts
in
three
different
stages
of
maturity
,
and
commercial
areca
nut
products
.
Raw
areca
nut
samples
of
three
different
maturities
were
obtained
from
four
plantations
in
Sullia
,
Karnataka
,
India
and
commercial
areca
nut
products
were
obtained
from
local
shops
in
Chidambaram
,
Tamil
Nadu
,
India
.
The
samples
were
grounded
and
subjected
to
Atomic
Absorption
Spectrometry
(
AAS
)
for
copper
analysis
.
There
was
statistically
significant
difference
in
copper
content
in
raw
areca
nuts
of
all
three
maturities
(
p
<
0
.
05
)
and
was
highest
in
the
exfoliated
mature
nuts
.
Importantly
copper
level
was
significantly
higher
in
the
commercial
products
compared
to
raw
areca
nuts
of
different
degrees
of
maturity
(
p
<
0
.
05
)
.
The
copper
levels
in
commercial
products
are
significantly
higher
than
that
of
raw
areca
nuts
in
all
three
stages
of
maturity
.
The
increase
in
copper
content
on
processing
and
post
commercialization
can
be
related
to
the
increasing
prevalence
of
OSMF
.
