Quantitative analysis of serum levels of trace elements in patients with oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A randomized cross-sectional study.

[oral submucous fibrosis]

Metabolic disorders , oral precancerous conditions and oral cancer are accompanied by alterations in the concentration of one or more trace elements like copper , iron , zinc , magnesium etc ., in some body fluids , especially blood serum or plasma , which can help not only in the early diagnosis and treatment but also in prognosis . The objective of the study is to evaluate the levels of circulating trace elements (copper , iron , magnesium , zinc and calcium ) in serum of patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF ) and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC ), to analyze the alteration and identify the best predictors amongst these parameters for disease occurrence and progression and their association with areca nut and betel quid chewing habits .Serum levels of trace elements (copper , iron , magnesium , zinc and calcium ) were estimated using electronic absorption colorimetric method . These levels were compared with controls and statistically evaluated using ANOVA and POST-HOC TUKEY tests .The data analysis revealed that serum copper levels increased gradually from precancer to cancer , as the duration of betel quid chewing habit increased . However , serum iron , magnesium , zinc levels were decreased significantly in both the groups . Serum calcium levels were increased in the cancer group owing to bone resorption in the later stages of the disease , whereas it was close to normal in OSF patients . Among all the trace elements , the best predictor for occurrence of both the lesions was copper .The present study shows that the above trace elements may be associated with the pathogenesis and progression of OSF and OSCC . Betel quid and areca nut chewing habits are frequently associated with both disease states and may play a role in altering the serum levels of these trace elements . Concerted efforts would , therefore , help in early detection , management and monitoring the efficacy of treatment .

Diseases
Validation

Diseases presenting "cancer" symptom

achondroplasia

acute rheumatic fever

adrenal incidentaloma

alpha-thalassemia

benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis

cadasil

canavan disease

carcinoma of the gallbladder

cholangiocarcinoma

coats disease

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

cowden syndrome

cushing syndrome

cutaneous mastocytosis

dedifferentiated liposarcoma

dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

epidermolysis bullosa simplex

erdheim-chester disease

erythropoietic protoporphyria

esophageal adenocarcinoma

esophageal carcinoma

esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

familial mediterranean fever

gm1 gangliosidosis

heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis

hirschsprung disease

hodgkin lymphoma, classical

inclusion body myositis

junctional epidermolysis bullosa

kabuki syndrome

kallmann syndrome

kindler syndrome

lamellar ichthyosis

liposarcoma

locked-in syndrome

lymphangioleiomyomatosis

monosomy 21

neuralgic amyotrophy

oculocutaneous albinism

oligodontia

oral submucous fibrosis

papillon-lefèvre syndrome

pendred syndrome

pleomorphic liposarcoma

primary effusion lymphoma

proteus syndrome

pyomyositis

pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

severe combined immunodeficiency

sneddon syndrome

systemic capillary leak syndrome

triple a syndrome

von hippel-lindau disease

waldenström macroglobulinemia

well-differentiated liposarcoma

werner syndrome

wiskott-aldrich syndrome

wolf-hirschhorn syndrome

x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

This symptom has already been validated