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Aspergillus-associated airway disease, inflammation, and the innate immune response.
[allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]
Aspergillus
moulds
exist
ubiquitously
as
spores
that
are
inhaled
in
large
numbers
daily
.
Whilst
most
are
removed
by
anatomical
barriers
,
disease
may
occur
in
certain
circumstances
.
Depending
on
the
underlying
state
of
the
human
immune
system
,
clinical
consequences
can
ensue
ranging
from
an
excessive
immune
response
during
allergic
bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis
to
the
formation
of
an
aspergilloma
in
the
immunocompetent
state
.
The
severest
infections
occur
in
those
who
are
immunocompromised
where
invasive
pulmonary
aspergillosis
results
in
high
mortality
rates
.
The
diagnosis
of
Aspergillus-associated
pulmonary
disease
is
based
on
clinical
,
radiological
,
and
immunological
testing
.
An
understanding
of
the
innate
and
inflammatory
consequences
of
exposure
to
Aspergillus
species
is
critical
in
accounting
for
disease
manifestations
and
preventing
sequelae
.
The
major
components
of
the
innate
immune
system
involved
in
recognition
and
removal
of
the
fungus
include
phagocytosis
,
antimicrobial
peptide
production
,
and
recognition
by
pattern
recognition
receptors
.
The
cytokine
response
is
also
critical
facilitating
cell-
to
-cell
communication
and
promoting
the
initiation
,
maintenance
,
and
resolution
of
the
host
response
.
In
the
following
review
,
we
discuss
the
above
areas
with
a
focus
on
the
innate
and
inflammatory
response
to
airway
Aspergillus
exposure
and
how
these
responses
may
be
modulated
for
therapeutic
benefit
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"pulmonary disease"
symptom
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
cushing syndrome
esophageal adenocarcinoma
lymphangioleiomyomatosis
pendred syndrome
primary effusion lymphoma
scrub typhus
systemic capillary leak syndrome
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