Rare Diseases Symptoms Automatic Extraction
Home
A random Abstract
Our Project
Our Team
Assessing the environmental health relevance of cooling towers--a systematic review of legionellosis outbreaks.
[legionellosis]
Bioaerosols
from
cooling
towers
are
often
suspected
to
cause
community-acquired
legionellosis
outbreaks
.
Although
Legionella
infections
can
mostly
be
assigned
to
the
emission
sources
,
uncertainty
exists
about
the
release
and
distribution
into
the
air
,
the
occurrence
of
the
respirable
virulent
form
and
the
level
of
the
infective
concentration
.
Our
study
aimed
to
evaluate
studies
on
legionellosis
outbreaks
attributed
to
cooling
towers
published
within
the
last
11
years
by
means
of
a
systematic
review
of
the
literature
.
19
legionellosis
outbreaks
were
identified
affecting
12
countries
.
Recurring
events
were
observed
in
Spain
and
Great
Britain
.
In
total
,
1609
confirmed
cases
of
legionellosis
and
a
case-fatality
rate
of
approximately
6
%
were
reported
.
Duration
of
outbreaks
was
65
days
on
average
.
For
diagnosis
the
urinary
antigen
test
was
mainly
used
.
Age
,
smoking
,
male
sex
and
underlying
diseases
(
diabetes
,
immunodeficiency
)
could
be
confirmed
as
risk
factors
.
Smoking
and
underlying
diseases
were
the
most
frequent
risk
factors
associated
with
legionellosis
in
11
and
10
of
the
19
studies
,
respectively
.
The
meteorological
conditions
varied
strongly
.
Several
studies
reported
a
temporal
association
of
outbreaks
with
inadequate
maintenance
of
the
cooling
systems
.
A
match
of
clinical
and
environmental
isolates
by
serotyping
and
/
or
molecular
subtyping
could
be
confirmed
in
84
%
of
outbreaks
.
Legionella-contaminated
cooling
towers
as
environmental
trigger
,
in
particular
in
the
neighbourhood
of
susceptible
individuals
,
can
cause
severe
health
problems
and
even
death
.
To
prevent
and
control
Legionella
contamination
of
cooling
towers
,
maintenance
actions
should
focus
on
low
-emission
cleaning
procedures
of
cooling
towers
combined
with
control
measurements
of
water
and
air
samples
.
Procedures
allowing
rapid
detection
and
risk
assessment
in
the
case
of
outbreaks
are
essential
for
adequate
public
health
measures
.
Systematic
registration
of
cooling
towers
will
facilitate
the
identification
of
the
source
of
outbreaks
and
help
to
shorten
their
duration
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"immunodeficiency"
symptom
adrenal incidentaloma
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
cushing syndrome
dracunculiasis
hirschsprung disease
hodgkin lymphoma, classical
homocystinuria without methylmalonic aciduria
kabuki syndrome
legionellosis
malignant atrophic papulosis
oculocutaneous albinism
omenn syndrome
papillon-lefèvre syndrome
primary effusion lymphoma
primary hyperoxaluria type 1
pyomyositis
severe combined immunodeficiency
sneddon syndrome
werner syndrome
wiskott-aldrich syndrome
wolf-hirschhorn syndrome
x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
This symptom has already been validated