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Surveillance and evaluation of the infection risk of free-living amoebae and Legionella in different aquatic environments.
[legionellosis]
Free-living
amoebae
(
FLA
)
are
ubiquitous
in
various
aquatic
environments
.
Several
amoebae
species
are
pathogenic
and
host
other
pathogens
such
as
Legionella
,
but
the
presence
of
FLA
and
its
parasites
as
well
as
the
related
infection
risk
are
not
well
known
.
In
this
study
,
the
presence
of
pathogenic
FLA
and
Legionella
in
various
water
bodies
was
investigated
.
Water
samples
were
collected
from
a
river
,
intake
areas
of
drinking
water
treatment
plants
,
and
recreational
hot
spring
complexes
in
central
and
southern
Taiwan
.
A
total
of
140
water
samples
were
tested
for
the
presence
of
Acanthamoeba
spp
.
,
Naegleria
spp
.
,
Vermamoeba
vermiformis
,
and
Legionella
.
In
addition
,
phylogenetic
characteristics
and
water
quality
parameters
were
also
assessed
.
The
pathogenic
genotypes
of
FLA
included
Acanthamoeba
T
4
and
Naegleria
australiensis
,
and
both
were
abundant
in
the
hot
spring
water
.
In
contrast
,
Legionella
pneumophila
was
detected
in
different
aquatic
environments
.
Among
the
FLA
assessed
,
V
.
vermiformis
was
most
likely
to
coexist
with
Legionella
spp
.
The
total
bacteria
level
was
associated
with
the
presence
of
FLA
and
Legionella
especially
in
hot
spring
water
.
Taken
together
,
FLA
contamination
in
recreational
hot
springs
and
drinking
water
source
warrants
more
attention
on
potential
legionellosis
and
amoebae
infections
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"total bacteria level"
symptom
legionellosis
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