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Transforming growth factor-β regulates the expression of anosmin (KAL-1) in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.
[kallmann syndrome]
In
a
microarray
analysis
of
human
retinal
pigment
epithelial
cells
(
HRPE
)
treated
with
TGF-β
,
in
addition
to
the
alteration
of
a
number
of
known
Extracellular
matrix
(
ECM
)
-
related
genes
regulated
by
TGF-β
,
we
found
a
significant
increase
in
the
expression
of
Kallmann
Syndrome
(
KAL
)
-
1
gene
,
that
codes
for
the
protein
anosmin-
1
.
Enhanced
expression
of
KAL-
1
by
TGF-β
was
validated
by
real-time
PCR
analysis
.
In
in
vitro
experiments
,
TGF-β
receptor
inhibitor
abolished
TGF-β-induced
expression
of
KAL-
1
.
Immunofluorescence
staining
showed
increased
presence
of
anosmin-
1
in
TGF-β
treated
HRPE
cells
,
with
distinct
localization
at
the
intercellular
junctions
.
Treatment
of
HRPE
cells
with
TGF-β
enhanced
secretion
of
anosmin-
1
and
the
release
of
anosmin-
1
was
further
augmented
by
heparin
sulfate
.
Enhanced
secretion
of
anosmin-
1
in
the
presence
of
TGF-β
and
heparin
was
also
observed
in
other
ocular
cells
such
as
corneal
epithelial
and
corneal
fibroblast
cultures
.
The
role
of
anosmin-
1
,
a
protein
with
adhesion
functions
,
in
retinal
structure
,
function
and
pathology
has
not
been
known
and
remains
to
be
investigated
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"function and pathology has not been known and remains to be investigated"
symptom
kallmann syndrome
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