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Olfactory system and demyelination.
[kallmann syndrome]
Within
the
central
nervous
system
,
the
olfactory
system
represents
one
of
the
most
exciting
scenarios
since
it
presents
relevant
examples
of
long
-life
sustained
neurogenesis
and
continuous
axonal
outgrowth
from
the
olfactory
epithelium
with
the
subsequent
plasticity
phenomena
in
the
olfactory
bulb
.
The
olfactory
nerve
is
composed
of
nonmyelinated
axons
with
interesting
ontogenetic
interpretations
.
However
,
the
centripetal
projections
from
the
olfactory
bulb
are
myelinated
axons
which
project
to
more
caudal
areas
along
the
lateral
olfactory
tract
.
In
consequence
,
demyelination
has
not
been
considered
as
a
possible
cause
of
the
olfactory
symptoms
in
those
diseases
in
which
this
sense
is
impaired
.
One
prototypical
example
of
an
olfactory
disease
is
Kallmann
syndrome
,
in
which
different
mutations
give
rise
to
combined
anosmia
and
hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism
,
together
with
different
satellite
symptoms
.
Anosmin-
1
is
the
extracellular
matrix
glycoprotein
altered
in
the
X-
linked
form
of
this
disease
,
which
participates
in
cell
adhesion
and
migration
,
and
axonal
outgrowth
in
the
olfactory
system
and
in
other
regions
of
the
central
nervous
system
.
Recently
,
we
have
described
a
new
patho-physiological
role
of
this
protein
in
the
absence
of
spontaneous
remyelination
in
multiple
sclerosis
.
In
the
present
review
,
we
hypothesize
about
how
both
main
and
satellite
neurological
symptoms
of
Kallmann
syndrome
may
be
explained
by
alterations
in
the
myelination
.
We
revisit
the
relationship
between
the
olfactory
system
and
myelin
highlighting
that
minor
histological
changes
should
not
be
forgotten
as
putative
causes
of
olfactory
malfunction
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"in other regions of the central nervous system"
symptom
kallmann syndrome
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