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Common and specific impairments in attention functioning in girls with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, fragile X or Turner syndromes.
[22q11.2 deletion syndrome]
Chromosome
22
q
11
.
2
deletion
syndrome
(
22
q
11
.
2
DS
)
,
fragile
X
syndrome
(
FXS
)
,
and
Turner
syndrome
(
TS
)
are
complex
and
variable
developmental
syndromes
caused
by
different
genetic
abnormalities
;
yet
,
they
share
similar
cognitive
impairments
in
the
domains
of
numbers
,
space
,
and
time
.
The
atypical
development
of
foundational
neural
networks
that
underpin
the
attentional
system
is
thought
to
result
in
further
impairments
in
higher-order
cognitive
functions
.
The
current
study
investigates
whether
children
with
similar
higher-order
cognitive
impairments
but
different
genetic
disorders
also
show
similar
impairments
in
alerting
,
orienting
,
and
executive
control
of
attention
.
Girls
with
22
q
11
.
2
DS
,
FXS
,
or
TS
and
typically
developing
(
TD
)
girls
,
aged
7
to
15
years
,
completed
an
attention
network
test
,
a
flanker
task
with
alerting
and
orienting
cues
.
Exploration
of
reaction
times
and
accuracy
allowed
us
to
test
for
potential
commonalities
in
attentional
functioning
in
alerting
,
orienting
,
and
executive
control
.
Linear
regression
models
were
used
to
test
whether
the
predictors
of
group
and
chronological
age
were
able
to
predict
differences
in
attention
indices
.
Girls
with
22
q
11
.
2
DS
,
FXS
,
or
TS
demonstrated
unimpaired
function
of
the
alerting
system
and
impaired
function
of
the
executive
control
system
.
Diagnosis-
specific
impairments
were
found
such
that
girls
with
FXS
made
more
errors
and
had
a
reduced
orienting
index
,
while
girls
with
22
q
11
.
2
DS
showed
specific
age-related
deficits
in
the
executive
control
system
.
These
results
suggest
that
the
control
but
not
the
implementation
of
attention
is
selectively
impaired
in
girls
with
22
q
11
.
2
DS
,
TS
or
FXS
.
Additionally
,
the
age
effect
on
executive
control
in
girls
with
22
q
11
.
2
DS
implies
a
possible
altered
developmental
trajectory
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"a flanker task with alerting and orienting cues"
symptom
22q11.2 deletion syndrome
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