Common and specific impairments in attention functioning in girls with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, fragile X or Turner syndromes.

[22q11.2 deletion syndrome]

Chromosome 22 q 11 .2 deletion syndrome (22 q 11 .2 DS ), fragile X syndrome (FXS ), and Turner syndrome (TS ) are complex and variable developmental syndromes caused by different genetic abnormalities ; yet , they share similar cognitive impairments in the domains of numbers , space , and time . The atypical development of foundational neural networks that underpin the attentional system is thought to result in further impairments in higher-order cognitive functions . The current study investigates whether children with similar higher-order cognitive impairments but different genetic disorders also show similar impairments in alerting , orienting , and executive control of attention .Girls with 22 q 11 .2 DS , FXS , or TS and typically developing (TD ) girls , aged 7 to 15 years , completed an attention network test , a flanker task with alerting and orienting cues . Exploration of reaction times and accuracy allowed us to test for potential commonalities in attentional functioning in alerting , orienting , and executive control . Linear regression models were used to test whether the predictors of group and chronological age were able to predict differences in attention indices .Girls with 22 q 11 .2 DS , FXS , or TS demonstrated unimpaired function of the alerting system and impaired function of the executive control system . Diagnosis-specific impairments were found such that girls with FXS made more errors and had a reduced orienting index , while girls with 22 q 11 .2 DS showed specific age-related deficits in the executive control system .These results suggest that the control but not the implementation of attention is selectively impaired in girls with 22 q 11 .2 DS , TS or FXS . Additionally , the age effect on executive control in girls with 22 q 11 .2 DS implies a possible altered developmental trajectory .

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Diseases presenting "specific impairments" symptom

22q11.2 deletion syndrome

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