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Current understanding of the process of tooth formation: transfer from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Teeth
are
typical
examples
of
organs
in
which
genes
determine
the
progress
of
development
from
initiation
to
the
final
shape
,
size
and
structure
,
whereas
environmental
factors
play
a
minor
role
.
Advances
in
gene
technology
over
the
last
three
decades
have
led
to
powerful
novel
methods
to
explore
the
mechanisms
of
embryonic
development
.
Today
we
know
a
few
hundred
genes
that
regulate
tooth
development
,
and
mutations
in
dozens
of
these
genes
have
been
shown
to
cause
aberrations
in
tooth
development
in
mice
and
/
or
humans
.
The
functions
of
an
increasing
number
of
genes
in
tooth
development
have
been
discovered
using
genetically
modified
mouse
models
.
We
are
now
beginning
to
understand
the
'
programme
'
underlying
the
process
of
tooth
formation
.
Key
components
of
the
programme
are
signals
mediating
communication
between
cells
and
complex
gene
regulatory
networks
in
which
the
signal
pathways
are
integrated
.
Understanding
the
mechanisms
of
tooth
development
at
the
level
of
genes
,
cells
and
molecules
will
lay
the
basis
for
new
ways
to
prevent
and
treat
dental
defects
and
diseases
.
Over
the
last
decade
knowledge
about
dental
stem
cells
has
accumulated
rapidly
and
novel
stem
cell
technologies
have
been
developed
.
Combining
stem
cell
research
with
knowledge
on
the
mechanisms
of
tooth
development
may
open
up
novel
possibilities
for
clinical
tooth
regeneration
.
