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Congenital heart disease is associated with reduced cortical and hippocampal volume in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
[22q11.2 deletion syndrome]
There
is
increasing
evidence
that
congenital
heart
disease
(
CHD
)
affects
brain
structure
,
but
little
is
known
about
the
long
-term
trajectory
of
brain
maturation
and
its
impact
on
the
cognitive
development
of
patients
with
CHD
.
We
proposed
to
address
this
question
in
a
longitudinally-followed
cohort
of
individuals
with
22
q
11
.
2
deletion
syndrome
(
22
q
11
DS
)
,
the
most
common
microdeletion
syndrome
in
humans
.
A
total
of
80
participants
were
included
in
this
longitudinal
analysis
.
The
volumes
of
thirty-
four
cortical
regions
and
eight
hippocampal
regions
were
measured
in
each
hemisphere
with
FreeSurfer
software
.
This
paper
utilized
linear
mixed
modelling
to
investigate
cerebral
morphometry
and
age-related
maturational
changes
of
all
regions
.
The
effect
of
CHD
was
assessed
for
intercept
and
slope
significance
.
We
observed
significant
(
p
<
.
05
/
34
)
volumetric
reductions
in
patients
with
CHD
compared
to
patients
without
in
fifteen
out
of
the
sixty-
eight
cortical
sub-regions
.
Similarly
,
global
hippocampal
volumes
and
twelve
of
the
hippocampal
sub-regions
were
significantly
smaller
(
p
<
.
05
/
8
)
.
The
results
demonstrate
significant
absolute
volumetric
differences
,
but
did
not
show
any
significant
differences
in
the
way
the
cortical
or
hippocampal
regions
developed
over
time
.
There
was
limited
evidence
of
any
effect
of
the
presence
of
CHD
on
key
cognitive
measures
.
We
propose
that
cerebral
hypoperfusion
,
due
to
the
presence
of
CHD
or
its
surgery
,
impairs
early
cortical
and
particularly
hippocampal
growth
,
potentially
due
to
the
damaging
effects
of
stress
,
but
not
subsequent
maturational
processes
in
children
and
adolescents
.
